Transcript Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112 - MIS315-05

Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112
CHAPTER 9
Managerial Support Systems
Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112
Chapter Outline
9.1 Managers and Decision Making
9.2 Business Intelligence, Multidimensional Data
Analysis, Data Mining, and Decision Support
Systems
9.3 Digital Dashboards
9.4 Data Visualization Technologies
9.5 Intelligent Systems
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Learning Objectives
• Describe the concepts of management, decision making
and computerized support for decision making.
• Describe multidimensional data analysis and data mining
• Describe dashboards
• Describe data visualization, and explain geographical
information systems and virtual reality.
• Describe artificial intelligence (AI).
• Define an expert system and identify its components.
• Describe natural language processing and natural language
generation, and neural networks.
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9.1 Managers and Decision Making
• Management
– A process by which organizational goals are achieved
through the use of resources (people, money, energy,
materials, space, time).
• Managers have three basic roles (Mintzberg 1973)
a) Interpersonal roles: figurehead, leader, liaison
b) Informational roles: monitor, disseminator, spokesperson
c) Decisional roles: entrepreneur, disturbance handler,
resource allocator, negotiator.
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The Manager’s Job & Decision Making
(continued)
• Decision refers to a choice that individuals and group make
among two or more alternatives.
• Decision making is a systematic process composed of three
major phases: (Simon 1977)
– Intelligence Phase-the starting point where reality is examined and
the problem is defined.
– Design Phase-design and construct a model, or simplified
representation of reality
– Choice Phase-selecting a solution to test “on paper.”
• Example, Making A Decision About A New Automobile:
– Intelligence—review automobile maintenance records showing
chronic transmission problems. Seek information from dealers,
consumer reports and friends about new automobiles.
– Design—Establish objectives and criteria for evaluating
automobiles. Establish weights illustrating the relative importance
of these criteria. Analyze alternative possibilities.
– Choice— generate summary statistics on the evaluation of each
automobile.
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Decision Making Process
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Why Managers Need IT Support
• The number of alternatives to be considered
constantly increases.
• Decisions must be made under time pressure.
• Decisions are more complex.
• Decision makers can be in different locations and so is
the information.
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9.2 BI, Multidimensional Data Analysis,
Data Mining, and DSSs
• Business Intelligence (BI) refers to applications and
technologies for consolidating, analyzing, and
providing access to vast amounts of data to help users
make better business and strategic decisions.
• Two types of BI Systems:
– Those that provide data analysis tools
• Multidimensional data analysis (or online analytical
processing)
• Data mining
• Decision support systems
– Those that provide information in structured format
• Dashboards
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Multidimensional Data Analysis
(or online analytical processing)
• Provides users with a look at what is happening or
what has happened.
• Allows users to analyze data in such a way that they
can quickly answer business questions.
Figure 4.11
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Data Mining
• Searching for valuable business information in a large
database, data warehouse, or data mart.
• Data mining performs two basic operations:
– Predicting trends and behaviors
– Identifying previously unknown patterns and relationships
Credit card
companies often
use Data Mining
to check for
fraudulent credit
card use.
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Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Decision support systems
– combine models and data in an attempt to solve semistructured and some unstructured problems with extensive
user involvement.
– A DSS is not a standalone system, usually a collection of
computer information systems.
• DSS Analysis capabilities
– Sensitivity analysis is the study of the impact that changes
in one (or more) parts of a model have on other parts.
– What-if analysis is the study of the impact of a change in
the assumptions (input data) on the proposed solution.
– Goal-seeking analysis is the study that attempts to find the
value of the inputs necessary to achieve a desired level of
output.
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Two Types of Group-based Decision
Support Solutions
• Group decision support system (GDSS)
– an interactive computer-based system that supports the process of
finding solutions by a group of decision makers.
– Decision Room (War Room) is a face-to-face setting for a group
DSS, in which terminals are available to the participants.
• Organizational Decision Support System (ODSS)
– a DSS that focuses on an organizational task or activity involving
a sequence of operations and decision makers.
– ODSS Characteristics:
• It affects several organizational units or corporate problems.
• It cuts across organizational functions or hierarchical layers.
• It involves computer-based and (usually) communications
technologies.
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9.3 Digital Dashboards
• Dashboards:
– Provide rapid
access to timely
information.
– Provide direct
access to
management
reports.
– Are very user
friendly and
supported by
graphics.
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Sample Performance Dashboard (Figure
9.4)
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Another Example of Dashboard
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9.4 Data Visualization Systems
• Data visualization is the process of presenting data to
users in visual formats, thereby making IT
applications more attractive and understandable to
users.
• The Power of Visualization
– Even though a picture is “worth a thousand words,” we
have to be very careful about just what we are seeing.
– Remember, on the Internet, it is “user beware!”
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New York City Police Department
Command Center
Data visualization in action
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Example Of Data Visualization
• 21-minute video that illustrates data visualization
Hans Rosling at the TED Talks
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Two Types Of Data Visualization Systems
• Geographical Information Systems: a computer-based
system for capturing, integrating, manipulating, and
displaying data using digitized maps.
• Virtual Reality: interactive, computer-generated,
three-dimensional graphics delivered to the user via a
head-mounted display.
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GIS for
existing
land use
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GISMO
• GISMO is a geographical information system
developed for the city of Corvallis, Oregon.
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Virtual Reality
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Technology of Data Glove
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Virtual Reality manipulation with data
glove
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Driving Simulator
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Virtual Tour Of A Museum
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9.5 Intelligent Systems
• Intelligent systems is a term that describes the various
commercial applications of Artificial intelligence
(AI).
• AI is a subfield of computer science concerned with:
– studying the thought processes of humans
– recreating those processes via machines, such as computer
and robots.
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Expert Systems
• Expert Systems (ESs) attempt to mimic human
experts by applying expertise in a specific domain.
– Can support decision makers or completely replace them.
• Expertise refers to the extensive, task-specific
knowledge acquired from training, reading and
experience.
Star Trek
Voyager’s doctor:
a 24th century
expert system
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Four Activities Involved in the Transfer of
Expertise from an Expert to Computer and
then to a User
Information Technology Foundations-BIT 112
• Knowledge acquisition:
– Knowledge is from experts or from documented sources.
• Knowledge representation:
– Acquired knowledge is organized as rules or frames
(objective-oriented) and stored electronically in a
knowledge base.
• Knowledge inferencing:
– Given the necessary expertise stored in the knowledge base,
the computer is programmed so that it can make inferences.
The reasoning function is performed in a component called
the inference engine, which is the brain of ES.
• Knowledge transfer:
– The inferenced expertise is transferred to the user in the
form of a recommendation.
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The Components of Expert Systems
• Knowledge base
– Contains knowledge necessary for understanding,
formulating and solving problems.
• Inference engine
– A computer program that provides a methodology for
reasoning and formulating conclusions.
• User interface
– Enables users to communicate with the computer
• Blackboard
– An area of working memory set aside for the description of
a current problem.
• Explanation subsystem
– Explains its recommendations.
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Natural Language Processing & Voice
Technologies
• Natural language processing (NLP):
– Communicating with a computer in English or whatever
language you may speak.
• Natural language understanding/speech (voice)
recognition:
– The ability of a computer to comprehend instructions given
in ordinary language, via the keyboard or by voice.
• Natural language generation/voice synthesis:
– Technology that enables computers to produce ordinary
language, by “voice” or on the screen, so that people can
understand computers more easily.
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Neural Networks
• Neural network is a system of programs and data
structures that approximates the operation of the
human brain.
• Neural networks are particularly good at recognizing
subtle, hidden and newly emerging patterns within
complex data as well as interpreting incomplete
inputs.
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Fuzzy Logic
• Fuzzy logic deals with the uncertainties by simulating
the process of human reasoning, allowing the
computer to behave less precisely and logically than
conventional computers do.
– Involves decision in gray areas.
– Uses creative decision-making processes.
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Chapter Closing Case
P. 290
GPS
sensor
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