Transcript 中国水利水电出版社Unit 3 Software System of

计算机专业英语
Computer English
高等学校精品规划教材
主编：支丽平
出版社：中国水利水电出版社
任课教师：张 弛
湖南城市学院计算机科学系
Unit 3 Software System of Computer
• 教学目标
• 教学内容
中国水利水电出版社
教学目标
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了解系统软件的概念以及常见的操作系统
了解应用软件的概念及其特性
了解计算机语言的发展
掌握数据结构的基本理论
掌握关系数据库的相关理论
了解多媒体的基本知识
了解人工智能的基本理论
中国水利水电出版社
教学内容
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Text 1 System software
Text 2 Application Software
Text 3 Computer Languages
Text 4 Data Structures
Text 5 Operating Systems
Text 6 Structure of the Relational database
Text 7 Multimedia
Text 8 Software engineering
Text 9 Introduction to Windows
Text 10 Artificial Intelligence
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Text 1 System software
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
中国水利水电出版社
Software
• Software refers to computer programs. Programs are the
instructions that tell the computer how to process data
into the form you want. There are two kinds of software:
system software and application software.
• System software is a collection of programs that enables
application software to run on a computer system's
hardware devices, it is background software and
includes programs that help the computer manage its
own internal resources.
• Application software is a specialized programs that
enables the user to accomplish specific tasks.
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System software
• System software consists of four kinds of
programs: bootstrap loader, diagnostic
routines, basic input-output system, and
operating system. Among these four parts,
the operating system is we most
concerned with, which helps manage
computer resources. Most important
operating systems are: Windows,
Windows NT, OS/2, Macintosh, and Unix.
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Windows
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Windows gets its name because of its ability to run multiple applications at
the same time, each in its own window. Windows offers graphical user
interface (GUI), presents the user with graphic images of computer
functions and data. It provides a standard mechanism for copying or moving
information from one program to another. This mechanism, called the
clipboard, means that information created in one context is instantly
reusable in another, you don't need to reenter information or work with
clumsy data-transfer utilities. Windows also has DDE (dynamic data
exchange) and OLE (object linking and embedding) functions. In DDE two
or more applications can be linked. This way, data created in one
application is automatically entered into the others. OLE, like DDE, links
data between applications. Additionally, OLE allows the application
receiving the data to directly access the application that created the data.
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Windows NT
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Windows NT is an operating system designed to run on a wide range of powerful
computers and microcomputers. It is a very sophisticated and powerful operation
system. Developed by Microsoft, Windows NT is not considered a replacement for
Windows. Rather, it is an advanced alternative designed for very powerful
microcomputers and networks. Windows NT has two major advantages when
compare to Windows:
Multiprocessing
It is similar to multitasking except that the applications are run independently at the
same time. For instance, you could be printing a word processing document and
using a database management program at the same time.With multitasking, the
speed at which the document is printed is affected by the demands of the database
management program. With multiprocessing, the demands of the database
management program do not affect the printing of the document.
Networking
In many business environments, workers often use computer to communicate with
one another and to share software using a network. This is made possible and
controlled by special system software. Windows NT has network capabilities and
security checks built into the operating system. This makes network installation and
use relatively easy.
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OS/2
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OS/2 was developed jointly by IBM and Microsoft Corporation. OS/2 has
many similarities with Windows NT. It is designed for very powerful
microcomputers and has several advanced features. Some of its
advantages over Windows NT include:
Minimum system configuration
Like Windows NT, OS/2 requires significant memory and hard disk space.
However, OS/2 requires slightly less.
Windows application
Like Windows NT, OS/2 does not have a large number of application
programs written especially for it. OS/2 can also run Windows programs, but
it runs these programs slightly faster than Windows NT.
Common user interface
Microcomputer application programs written specifically for Windows NT, as
well as for OS/2, have consistent graphics interfaces. Across applications,
the user is provided with similar screen displays, menus, and operations.
Additionally, OS/2 offers a consistent interface with mainframes,
minicomputers, and microcomputers.
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Macintosh Operation System
• The Macintosh Software, which runs only on Macintosh computers,
offers a high-quality graphical user interface and is very easy to use.
Apple Macintosh System 7.5 designed for Apple computers using
Motorola's PowerPC microprocessor, is a significant milestone for
Apple. It is a very powerful operating system like Windows NT and
OS/2. System 7.5 has network capabilities and can read Windows
and OS/2 files. It has several advantages:
• Ease of use
• The graphical user interface has made the Macintosh popular with
many newcomers to computing. This because it is easy to learn.
• Quality graphics
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Macintosh Operation System
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Macintosh has established a high standard for graphics processing. This is
a principal reason why the Macintosh is popular for desktop publishing.
Users are easily able to merge pictorial and text materials to produce nearly
professional-looking newsletters, advertisements, and the like.
Consistent interfaces
Macintosh applications have a consistent graphics interface. Across all
applications, the user is provided with similar screen displays, menus, and
operations.
Multitasking
Like Windows, Windows NT, and OS//2, the Macintosh System enables you
to do multitasking. That is, several programs can run at the same time.
Communications between programs
The Macintosh system allows applications programs to share data and
commands with other applications programs.
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Unix
• Unix was originally developed by AT&T for
minicomputers and is very good for multitasking. It is
also good for networking between computers. Unix
initially became popular in industry because for many
years AT&T licensed the system to universities for a
nominal fee. It is popular among engineers and technical
people, with the arrival of very powerful microcomputers,
Unix is becoming a larger player in the microcomputer
world. Unix can be used with different types of computer
systems, that is, it is a portable operating system. It is
used with microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes,
and supercomputers. The other operating systems are
designed for microcomputers and are not nearly as
portable. It also has the advantages of multitasking,
multiprocessing, multiuser, and networking.
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Words and Expressions
• system software系统软件
• application software应用软件
• accomplish [ə'kʌmpliʃ; ə'kʃm-] vt.达到(目的)；完成(任务、使命、计划、
事业等)；实现(诺言、计划等)：
• diagnostic routines【计算机】诊断(例行)程序[亦作diagnostic
subroutine,diagnostic test]
• basic input-output system基本输入输出系统
• operating system操作系统
• graphical user interface (GUI) 图形用户界面
• mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械,机构,结构机制，原理
• reenter [,ri:'entə] vt.再进入；重返
• OLE (object linking and embedding) functions对象连接与嵌入功能
• DDE (dynamic data exchange) 动态数据交换
• clipboard ['klipbʃ:d] n. 剪贴板
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Words and Expressions
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sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] adj.（系统、流程、技术等)极其复杂的，精密的，尖端
的，发达的
replacement [ri'pleismənt] n. 交换,更换,代替者21世纪大英汉词典》
alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv] adj.1. 两者(或两者以上)择一的，二择其一的，可从数个中
任择其一的；(两种选择中)非此即彼的2. 供替代的；供选择的3. (两者)互斥的
independently [indi'pendəntli] adv. 独立地,自立地
milestone ['mailstəun] n. 里程碑
merge [mə:dʒ] vt. 【计算机】合并
pictorial [pik'tʃ:riəl] adj.1. 图片的；用图片表示的；由图片组成的；2. 形象化的；生
动的
newsletters ['nju:z,letə(r)] n. 时事通讯,时事分析,时事传报21世纪大英汉词典》
AT&T美国电话电报公司(财富500强公司之一，总部所在地美国,主要经营电讯)
portable ['pɔ:təbl] adj. 【计算机】可移植的，不经修改便可在任何计算机上使用的
multiprocessing [,mʌlti'prəusesiŋ; -'prʃ-] n.【计算机】多重处理(使用两个以上通
往同一记忆系统的电脑处理机，能同时处理多项程序)，多道处理
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Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. System software is a specialized programs that enables the user to accomplish
specific tasks.
• （ ）2. The operating system helps manage computer resources.
• （ ）3. Windows gets its name because of its ability to run multiple applications at the
same time, each in its own window.
• （ ） 4.Windows also has DDE (dynamic data exchange) and OLE (object linking and
embedding) functions.
• （ ）5. OLE don’t allow the application receiving the data to directly access the
application that created the data.
• （ ）6. With multiprocessing, the demands of the database management program do
affect the printing of the document.
• （ ）7. Windows NT has network capabilities and security checks built into the operating
system. This makes network installation and use relatively easy.
• （ ）8. OS/2 was developed only by Microsoft Corporation.
• （ ）9. The Macintosh Software, which runs only on Macintosh computers, offers a highquality graphical user interface and is very hard to use.
• （ ）10. Unix was originally developed by AT&T for minicomputers and is very good for
multitasking.
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Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. Software refers to computer programs. __________are the instructions that
tell the computer how to process data into the form you want.
• 2. There are two kinds of software: system software and__________ software.
• 3. __________ software is a collection of programs that enables application
software to run on a computer system's hardware devices, it is background
software and includes programs that help the computer manage its own
internal resources.
• 4. __________ software consists of four kinds of programs: bootstrap loader,
diagnostic routines, basic input-output system, and operating system.
• 5. Windows offers __________, presents the user with graphic images of
computer functions and data.
• 6. Like Windows, Windows NT, and OS//2, the Macintosh System enables you
to do __________ That is, several programs can run at the same time.
• 7. Unix is becoming a larger player in the microcomputer world. Unix can be
used with different types of computer systems, that is, it is a portable
operating system. It is used with microcomputers, minicomputers, __________,
and supercomputers.
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• The core of an operating system—the
portion of the system that manages
memory,files, and peripheral devices;
maintains the time and date; launches
applications; and allocates system
resources.
• 操作系统的内核，是管理内存、文件和外
围设备，维持时间和日期，启动应用程序，
以及分配系统资源的那部分操作系统。
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Text 2 Application Software
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
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Application software
• Application software might be described as end-user software.
Application software performs useful work on general-purpose tasks
such as word processing and cost estimating. There are certain
general-purpose programs that are widely used in nearly all career
areas. They are word processing, electronic spreadsheets, graphic
programs and so on. They are also called basic tools and have
some common features.
• Insert Point
• Menus
• Help
• Button Bars
• Dialog Box
• Scroll Bars
• WYSIWYG
• Function Keys
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Word processing software
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Word processing software is used to create, edit, save, and
print documents. Documents can be any kind of text material. With
word processing, you view the words you type on a monitor instead
of on a piece of paper. After you finish your typing, save your words
on diskettes or hard disk, and print the results on paper.
• The beauty of this method is that you can make changes or
corrections before printing out the document. Even after your
document is printed out, you can easily go back and make changes.
You can then print it out again. Want to change a report from double
spaced to single spaced? Alter the width of the margins on the left
and right? Delete some paragraphs and add some others from yet
another document? A word processor allows you to do all these with
ease. Indeed, deleting, inserting, and replacing—the principal
correcting activities—can be done just by pressing keys on the
keyboard. Popular word processing software are Word , WPS and
so on. They have some common features.
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Word Wrap and the Enter Key
One basic word processing feature is word wrap. When you finish a line, a word
processor decides for you and automatically moves the insertion point to the next
lines. To begin a new paragraph or leave a blank line, you press the Enter key.
Search and Replace
A search or find command allows you to locate any character, word, or phrase in your
document. When you search, the insertion point moves to the first place the item
appears. If you want, the program will continue to search for all other locations where
the item appears. The replace command automatically replaces the word you search
for with another word. The search and replace commands are useful for finding and
fixing errors.
Cut, Copy, and Paste
With a word processor, you select the portion of text to be moved by highlighting it.
Using either the menu or button bar, choose the command to cut the selected text.
The selected text disappears from your screen. Then move the insertion point to the
new location and choose the paste command to reinsert the text into the document.
In a similar manner, you can copy selected portions of text from one location to
another.
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Spreadsheet
A spreadsheet is an electronic worksheet used to organize and manipulate
numbers and display options for analysis. Spreadsheets are used by
financial analysts, accountants, contractors, and others concerned with
manipulating numeric data. Spreadsheets allow you to try out various "whatif" kinds of possibilities. That is a powerful feature. You can manipulate
numbers by using stored formulas and calculate different outcomes.
A spreadsheet has several parts. The worksheet area of the
spreadsheet has letters for column headings across the top. It also has
numbers for row headings down the left side. The intersection of a column
and row is called a cell. The cell holds a single unit of information. The
position of a cell is called the cell address. For example,"A1" is the cell
address of the first position on a spreadsheet, the topmost and leftmost
position. A cell pointer—also known as the cell selector—indicates where
data is to be entered or changed in the spreadsheet. The cell pointer can be
moved around in much the same way that you move the insertion pointer in
a word processing program. Excel is the most common spreadsheet
software. It has some common features of spreadsheet programs.
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Format
Label is often used to identify information in a worksheet, it is usually a word or
symbol. A number in cell is called a value. Labels and values can be displayed or
formatted in different ways. A label can be centered in the cell or positioned to the left
or right. A value can be displayed to show decimal places, dollars, or percent. The
number of decimal positions can be altered, and the width of columns can be
changed.
Formulas
One of the benefits of spreadsheets is that you can manipulate data through the use
of formulas. Formulas are instructions for calculations. They make connections
between numbers in particular cells.
Functions
Functions are built-in formulas that perform calculations automatically.
Recalculation
Recalculation or what-if analysis is one of the most important features of
spreadsheets. If you change one or more numbers in your spreadsheet, all related
formulas will recalculate automatically. Thus you can substitute one value for another
in the cells affected by your formula and recalculate the results. For more complex
problems, recalculation enables you to store long, complicated formulas and many
changing values and quickly produce alternatives.
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Words and Expressions
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general-purpose tasks 通用任务
word processing n. 【计算机】字处理
cost estimating成本计算
electronic spreadsheets电子表单
graphic programs图形程序
cursor ['kə:sə] n.【计算机】1. (显示器的)光标 2. 光标移动器，鼠标
a blinking vertical bar 闪烁的竖线光标
the directional arrow keys 方向键
pull-down menu 下拉菜单
representation [,reprizen'teiʃən] n. 表示法,表现,陈述，答辩
Dialog boxes对话栏
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Words and Expressions
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Scroll bars滚动条
preview ['pri:'vju:] n. 事先查看,查阅v. 事先查看,查阅
diskette ['disket] n.【计算机】软(磁)盘，塑料磁盘 (=floppy disk)
margin ['mɑ:dʒin] n. (时间,金钱)富余,利润,页边空白,边缘
cut[kʌt] n.【计算机】剪切
copy['kɔpi] n.【计算机】复制
paste[peist] n.【计算机】粘贴
highlighting['hai,laitiŋ] n.加亮
formulas ['fɔ:mjulə] n. 公式,配方,规则；婴儿食品
calculations [,kælkju'leiʃən] n. 计算
recalculate [ri'kælkjuleit] vt. 再计算(再核算,再估计,换算)
substitute ['sʌbstitju:t] n. 代替者,代用品v. 代替vi. (for)代替vt. 用...代替,代以
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Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. You cannot move the insert point around using a mouse or the directional
arrow keys on many keyboards.
• （ ）2. Scroll bars enable you to display additional information not currently visible
on the screen.
• （ ）3. Application programs without WYSIWYG can always display an exact
representation of the final printed document.
• （ ）4. Function keys do identical things in different software packages.
• （ ）5. When you search, the insertion point moves to the first place the item
appears. If you want, the program will continue to search for all other locations where
the item appears.
• （ ）6. A spreadsheet is an electronic worksheet used to organize and manipulate
numbers and display options for analysis.
• （ ）7. One of the benefits of spreadsheets is that you can manipulate data through
the use of formulas. Formulas are instructions for calculations. They make
connections between numbers in particular cells.
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Exercises
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Fill in the blanks with proper words.
1. The insert point or__________ shows you where you can enter data next.
2. Typically, the menus are displayed in a menu __________at the top of the screen.
3. __________ stands for “What You See Is What You Get.”
4. The WYSIWYG feature allows the user to preview the document's appearance
__________ it is printed out.
5. With __________ processing, you view the words you type on a monitor instead of on a
piece of paper.
6. A __________ or find command allows you to locate any character, word, or phrase in
your document.
7. The__________ command automatically replaces the word you search for with another
word. The search and replace commands are useful for finding and fixing errors.
8. Using either the menu or button bar, choose the command to cut the selected text. The
selected text disappears from your screen. Then move the insertion point to the new
location and choose the __________command to reinsert the text into the document.
9. __________ or what-if analysis is one of the most important features of spreadsheets. If
you change one or more numbers in your spreadsheet, all related formulas will recalculate
automatically.
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Text 3 Computer Languages
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
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Programming languages
• Programming languages date back almost to the invention of the
digital computer in the 1940s. Computer languages have undergone
dramatic evolution since the first electronic computers were built.
Early on, programmers worked with the most primitive computer
instructions—machine language. These instructions were
represented by long strings of ones and zeroes. The first assembly
languages emerged in the late 1950s with the introduction of
commercial computers. It maps machine instructions to humanreadable mnemonics, such as ADD and MOV. Computer
programmers use assembly languages to make machine-language
programs easier to write.
• The first procedural languages were developed in the late 1950s to
early 1960s: FORTRAN, created by John Backus1, and then
COBOL, created by Grace Hopper . The first functional language
was LISP, written by John McCarthy in the late 1950s. Although
heavily updated, all three languages are still widely used today.
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• In the late 1960s, the first object-oriented languages, such as
SIMULA, emerged. Logic languages became well known in the mid
1970s with the introduction of PROLOG3, a language used to
program artificial intelligence software. During the 1970s, procedural
languages continued to develop with ALGOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C,
and Ada. SMALLTALK 6 was a highly influential object-oriented
language that led to the merging of object-oriented and procedural
languages in C++ and more recently in JAVA. Although pure logic
languages have declined in popularity, variations have become
vitally important in the form of relational languages for modern
databases, such as SQL.
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• In time, higher-level languages evolved, such as PASCAL, BASIC,
COBOL, C, C++, and JAVA. High-level languages are relatively
sophisticated sets of statements utilizing words and syntax from
human language. They are more similar to normal human languages
than assembly or machine languages and are therefore easier to
use for writing complicated programs.
• The problems programmers are asked to solve have been changing.
Today's programs use sophisticated "user-friendly interfaces,"
involving multiple windows, menus, and dialog boxes. The programs
written to support this new approach are far more complex than
those written just ten years ago. Generally, as programming
requirements have changed, both languages and the techniques
used for writing programs have evolved.
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Words and Expressions
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undergo [,ʌndə'gəu] v. 遭受,经历,忍受
evolution [,i:və'lu:ʃən, ,evə-] n. 进化,发展,进展
primitive ['primitiv] adj. 原始的n. 原始人
human-readable adj. 人可读的
mnemonics [ni:'mɔniks] n. 记忆术，记忆法
assembly language汇编语言
correspond [kɔris'pɔnd] v. 符合,通信,相当
roughly ['rʌfli] adv. 概略地,粗糙地
aid [eid] n. 帮助,有帮助的事物v. 援助,帮助
manipulate [mə'nipjuleit] v. 操纵,利用,假造[计算机] 操作
dot [dɔt] n. 点,圆点,小孩子,小东西v. 作小点记号,加小点于,点缀[计算机] 点
procedural language过程语言
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Words and Expressions
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popularity [,pɔpju'læriti] n. 普及,流行
variation [,vɛəri'eiʃən] n. 变化,变动,变种,变异
vitally ['vaitəli] adv. 与生命有关地,致命地,紧要地
syntax ['sintæks] n. 句法
complicated ['kɔmplikeitid] adj. 复杂的,难懂的
approximating [ə'prɔksimit] adj. 大约的,近似的v. 接近,约等于
interpreter [in'tə:pritə] n. 译员,口译者
compiler [kəm'pailə] 编译器,编译程序
intermediary [,intə'mi:diəri] n. 仲裁者,调解者,媒介物adj. 中间的,媒介的[计算机] 媒介
invoke [in'vəuk] v. [计算机] 调用
linker ['liŋkə] n. [计算机] 链接器
executable ['eksikju:təbl] adj.可执行的
spot [spɔt] n. 污点,地点,斑点adj. 当场的,现实买卖的v. 污点,认出,用灯光照射
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Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
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（ ）1. Early on, programmers worked with the most primitive computer instructions—machine
language. These instructions were represented by long strings of zeroes and twos.
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commands.
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register B might be written ADD A, B in a typical assembly language statement.
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（ ）5. Programmers use machine languages when it is important to minimize the time it takes to
run a program, because the translation from assembly language to machine language is relatively
simple.
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（ ）6. In the late 1960s, the first object-oriented languages, such as FORTRAN, emerged.
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（ ）7. High-level languages are less similar to normal human languages than assembly or
machine languages and are therefore easier to use for writing complicated programs.
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（ ）8. Programs written in a high-level language may take longer to execute and use up more
memory than programs written in an assembly language.
•
（ ）9. Because the time-consuming task of translating the source code into machine language
has already been accomplished, compilers produce a program that is very fast each time it is run.
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Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. Computer programmers use assembly languages to make
__________ programs easier to write.
• 2. __________ languages are also used when some part of the
computer has to be controlled directly, such as individual dots on a
monitor or the flow of individual characters to a printer.
• 3. __________ languages are relatively sophisticated sets of
statements utilizing words and syntax from human language.
• 4. A __________ translates the code into an intermediary form. This
step is called compiling, and produces an object file.
• 5. The compiler then invokes a __________, which turns the object
file into an executable program.
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Text 4 Data Structures
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
中国水利水电出版社
Data Structures
• A single integer can be very useful if we need a counter, a sum, or
an index in a program, but generally we must also deal with data
that have lots of parts, such as a list. We describe the logical
properties of such a collection of data as an abstract data type; we
call the concrete implementation of the data a data structure. When
a program’s information is made up of component parts, we must
consider an appropriate data structure. Data structures have a few
features worth noting. First, they can be “decomposed” into their
component elements. Second, the arrangement of the elements is a
feature of the structure that affects how each element is accessed.
Third, both the arrangement of the elements and the way they are
accessed can be encapsulated.
• We use the same approach to data structures in our programs. A
data structure is defined by (1) the logical arrangement of data
elements, combined with (2) the set of operations we need to
access the elements.
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• In modeling data in a program, we wear many hats. That is, we must
determine the logical picture of the data, choose the representation
of the data, and develop the operations that encapsulate this
arrangement. During this process, we consider data from three
different perspectives, or levels:
• 1. Application (or user) level: A way of modeling real-life data in a
specific context; also called the problem domain.
• 2. Logical (or abstract) level: An abstract view of the data values (the
domain) and the set of operations to manipulate them.
• 3. Implementation level: A specific representation of the structure to
hold the data items, and the coding of the operations in a
programming language (if the operations are not already provided
by the language).
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• Without telling how the operations work. It tells what but not how.
For instance, the abstract view of checking in a book can be
summarized in the following specification: The only communication
from the user into the implementation level occurs in terms of input
specifications and allowable assumptions—the preconditions of the
accessing routines. The only output from the implementation level
back to the user is the transformed data structure described by the
output specifications, or postconditions, of the routines. The abstract
view hides the data structure, but provides windows into it through
the specified accessing operations.
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Words and Expressions
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considerablyadv. 相当地；非常地
subsume [səb'sju:m] vt. 把……归入；把……包括在内
abstract data type[计]抽象数据类型
comprehensive [,kɔmpri'hensiv] adj. 广泛的；综合的
representative [,repri'zentətiv] a. 代表性的
succinctly adv. 简洁地；简便地
propertiesn. 性能；道具，内容（property的复数形式）
be characterized by具有…的特性；以…为特征
integer ['intidʒə] n. 整数；完整的事物；整体
decompose [,di:kəm'pəuz] vi. 分解；使腐烂
encapsulated [in'kæpsəleitid] adj. 密封的；包在荚膜内的
Dewey decimal system杜威十进分类法；杜威十进制系统
manipulate [mə'nipjuleit] vt. 操作；操纵；巧妙地处理；
specification [,spesifi'keiʃən] n. 规格；详述；说明书
algorithmsn. 算法；算法式（algorithm的复数）
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Words and Expressions
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model ['mɔdəl] vt. 模仿；模拟；
application [,æpli'keiʃən] n. 应用；申请；敷用；应用程序
domain [dəu'mein] n.域名
perspective [pə'spektiv] n. 透视图；远景；观点
character ['kærəktə] n. 字符
composite ['kɔmpəzit] adj. 合成的；复合的；菊科的
analogy [ə'nælədʒi] n. 类似；类推；类比
library of congressn. 美国国会图书馆
reserve [ri'zə:v] vt. 保留
patronsn. 赞助人；庇护人；老顾客（patron的复数）
invoke [in'vəuk] vt. 调用；祈求；恳求；引起
cataloge v. 将…编入目录；登记
locate [ləu'keit, 'ləu] vt. 位于；查找…的地点
transform [træns'fɔ:m, trænz-, trɑ:n-] vt. 改变，使…变形；转换
postcondition [,pəustkən'diʃən] 后置条件
routine [ru:'ti:n] n.程序;日常工作
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Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. Historically, a course on data structures has been a mainstay
of most computer science departments.
• （ ）2. A single integer cannot be very useful if we need a counter, a
sum, or an index in a program.
• （ ）3. Application (or user) level: A way of modeling real-life data in
a specific context; also called the problem domain.
• （ ）4. At the logical level, we deal with the “how” questions.
• （ ）5. The goal of our design approach is to hide the
implementation level from the user.
• （ ）6. The abstract view hides the data structure, but provides
windows into it through the specified accessing operations.
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Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. The term abstract data type describes a comprehensive collection of
________ and________.
• 2. We describe the logical properties of such a collection of data as
an________.
• 3. We call the concrete implementation of the data a________.
• 4. The topic of data structures has now been subsumed under the broader
topic of ________data types (ADTs)—the study of classes of objects whose
logical behavior is defined by a set of values and a set of operations.
• 5. ________ (or abstract) level: An abstract view of the data values (the
domain) and the set of operations to manipulate them.
• 6. At the implementation level, we deal with the “________” questions.
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Text 5 Operating Systems
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
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Operating system
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An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables the
computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer
software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be
useless.
As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of
operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating
systems and a few examples of operating systems that fall into each of the
categories. Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of
the below categories.
GUI
Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains
graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse.
Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems.
System 7.x
Windows 98
Windows CE
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• Multi-user
• A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the
same computer at the same time or different times. Below are some
examples of multi-user operating systems.
• Linux
• Unix
• Windows 2000
• Multiprocessing
• An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than
one computer processor. Below are some examples of
multiprocessing operating systems.
• Linux
• Unix
• Windows 2000
中国水利水电出版社
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Multitasking
An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at
the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating systems.
Unix
Windows 2000
Multithreading
Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently.
Operating systems that would fall into this category are:
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
What's New in Windows Vista?
So what's new in Windows Vista? Aside from all the new tools and features we've just
described, perhaps what's new for you in Windows Vista is a feeling of renewed
confidence that you can easily and safely do what you want on your computer without
worrying that someone or something will cause you all sorts of trouble.
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
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operating system操作系统
category ['kætiɡəri] n.种类；部属；类目；类别
Graphical User Interface（GUI）图形用户界面
navigate ['nævigeit] v. 航行,驾驶,操纵
multiuser [mʌlti'ju:zə(r)] n. 多用户
multiprocessing ['mʌlti,tɑ:skiŋ;-,tæsk-] n.【计算机】多重处理(使用两个以上通往同一
记忆系统的电脑处理机，能同时处理多项程序)，多道处理
multitasking ['mʌlti,tɑ:skiŋ;-,tæsk-] n.【计算机】多任务处理；多种功能，多道操作
multithreading [mʌlti'θrediŋ] n.【计算机】多道穿插
folder ['fəuldə] n. 文件夹；
narrow down限制；缩小；减少；变窄
feature ['fi:tʃə] n. 容貌；特色，特征
locations n. 位置；定位件；地点（location的复数）
address bar 地址栏
oriented [‘ɔ:rientid; ’əu-] comb.form[加在名词后构成形容词]表示“以…为方向的”，
“以…为目标的”；“适合于…的
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Words and Expressions
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customize ['kʌstəmaiz] vt. 定做，按客户具体要求制造
portable computer便携式计算机
configure [kən'fiɡə] vt. 使成形；安装
navigate ['næviɡeit] vt. 航行于；驾驶，操纵；使通过
Ease of Access Center 轻松访问中心
modify ['mɔdifai] vt. 修改，修饰；更改
Security Center 安全中心
lurk [lə:k] vi.潜藏;埋伏; 潜伏
cyberspace ['saibə,speis] n. 网络空间
pop up v. 突然出现
password ['pɑ:swə:d, 'pæs-] n. 密码；口令
permission [pə'miʃən] n. 允许，许可
authorized ['ɔ:θəraizd] adj. 经授权的；经认可的
hacker n. 黑客，骇客；电脑黑客
virus n. 病毒
Windows Defender视窗防护
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Words and Expressions
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intrusive [in'tru:siv] adj. 侵入的；打扰的
inappropriate [,inə'prəupriət] adj. 不适当的；不相称的
access ['ækses, 'æksəs, æk'ses] vt. 存取；接近；使用
semitransparent adj. 半透明的
component n. 部件；组件；成份
cascading [kæ'skeidiŋ] n. 级联；串接；阶式渗透
clutter up使杂乱
sidebar ['saidbɑ:] n. 工具条；侧边拦；其他选项
home premium家用进阶版；家庭高级版
tablet PC平板电脑
specialized ['speʃəlaizd] adj. 专门的；专业的
assortment [ə'sɔ:tmənt] n. 分类；混合物
calendar ['kælində] n. 日历；历法；日程表
adapter [ə'dæptə] n. 适配器；改编者；接合器
speech-recognition 语言识别
automatically adv. 自动地；机械地
中国水利水电出版社
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating
systems.
• （ ）2. An multithreading operating systems that allow different parts of a software
program to run concurrently.
• （ ）3. DOS is an example of multi-user operating systems.
• （ ）4. One of Windows Vista's remarkable new features is its ability to conduct any
type of search from almost anywhere on your computer.
• （ ）5. This feature, called the User Account Control, is central to the new and very
powerful Windows Vista security features.
• （ ）6. By requiring permission, Windows is only alerting you that these types of
actions can't be conducted by someone who isn't authorized to make them, but is
also preventing hackers, viruses, and other software from misusing or damaging your
system.
• （ ）7.There are some significant differences between the components of Windows
Vista and those of previous versions of Windows.
• （ ）8. You'll also find that Windows Vista comes with new and improved versions of
programs from earlier versions of Windows.
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Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
•
1. An operating system, or__________, is a software program that enables the computer
hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software.
•
2. Short for Graphical User Interface, a __________ Operating System contains graphics and
icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse.
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3. A __________operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same
time or different times.
•
4. __________ operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at
the same time.
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5. One of Windows Vista's remarkable new features is its ability to conduct any type of
from
almost anywhere on your computer.
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6. The
Center, which helps you learn about your computer and shows you how to set up and
customize it.
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Center, which helps you set up your portable computer when you're on the road.
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8. The
Center, which helps you configure, control, secure, and navigate your network.
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9. The
Center, which helps you modify computer settings to improve your access to the
computer.
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10. The
Center, where you can make sure that you and your computer are protected from
all the nasties lurking out there in cyberspace.
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Text 6 Structure of the Relational
database
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
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relational database
• The relational model is the basis for any relational database
management system (RDBMS).A relational model has three core
components: a collection of objects or relations, operators that act
on the objects or relations, and data integrity methods. In other
words, it has a place to store the data, a way to create and retrieve
the data, and a way to make sure that the data is logically consistent.
• A relational database uses relations, or two-dimensional tables, to
store the information needed to support a business. Let's go over
the basic components of a traditional relational database system
and look at how a relational database is designed. Once you have a
solid understanding of what rows, columns, tables, and relationships
are, you'll be well on your way to leveraging the power of a relational
database.
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Tables, Row, and Columns
A table in a relational database, alternatively known as a relation, is a twodimensional structure used to hold related information. A database consists
of one or more related tables.
A row in a table is a collection or instance of one thing, such as one
employee or one line item on an invoice. A column contains all the
information of a single type, and the piece of data at the intersection of a
row and a column, a field, is the smallest piece of information that can be
retrieved with the database's query language.
Primary Keys, Datatypes, and Foreign Keys
The examples throughout this article will focus on the hypothetical work of
Scott Smith, database developer and entrepreneur. He just started a new
widget company and wants to implement a few of the basic business
functions using the relational database to manage his Human Resources
(HR) department.
Relation: A two-dimensional structure used to hold related information, also
known as a table.
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• Note: Most of Scott's employees were hired away from one of his
previous employers, some of whom have over 20 years of
experience in the field. As a hiring incentive, Scott has agreed to
• keep the new employees' original hire date in the new database.
• Row:A group of one or more data elements in a database table that
describes a person, place, or thing.
• Column:The component of a database table that contains all of the
data of the same name and type across all rows.
• In general, there are three types of relationships in a relational
database:
• One-to-many
• Many-to-many
• One-to-one
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Words and Expressions
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relational database [ri'leiʃənəl] ['deitəbeis]关系数据库(指经不同线路同时存取数据的电
脑数据库)[亦作relational data structure, relational system]
RDBMS.. abbr. 关系型数据库管理系统（Relational Database Management System）
data integrity ['deitə] [in'tegriti]数据完整性
retrieve [ri'tri:v] vt 重获；收回；找回
consistent [kən'sistənt] adj. 一致的；协调的，和谐的；符合的
dimensional [di'menʃənəl; dai-] adj. [用以构成复合词] …维的
traditional [trə'diʃənəl] adj. 传统的；因袭的；惯例的
column ['kɔləm] n. 纵列，纵向排列
leverage ['li:vəridʒ; 'le-] n. (达到某目的的)手段；力量；优势；影响力，作用力
alternatively [ɔ:l'tə:nətivli] adv.非此即彼，如其不然；或，要不
related information.. 相关信息
consists of由…组成；充斥着；包含
confuse [kən'fju:z] vt. 使混乱；使困惑
essentially [i'senʃəli]adv. 本来；本质上
correlate ['kɔ:rə,leit] vi. 关联vt. 使有相互关系；互相有关系
instance of（类的）实例；（某类别的） 实体
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
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invoice ['invɔis] n. 发票；发货单；货物
intersection [,intə'sekʃən] n. 横断，交叉；交叉区域；相交；交集
query language 查询语言
filtering ['filtəriŋ] v. 过滤，滤除（filter的ing形式）
primary key主关键字[亦作 major sort key]
Foreign keys.. 外键
hypothetical [,haipəu'θetikəl] adj. 假设的，假定的
entrepreneur [,ɔntrəprə'nə:] n. 企业家；承包人；主办者
widget ['widʒit] n. 装饰物；小机械；未定名的主要新产品
implement ['implimənt, 'impliment] vt. 实现，使生效；实施，执行
human resources人力资源
incentive [in'sentiv] n. 动机；刺激
original [ə'ridʒənəl] adj. 原始的；最初的；新颖的；独创的
data elements数据元素
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
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assume [ə'sju:m, ə'su:m] vt. 假定；承担；呈现；采取
comm. abbr. 委员会（committee）；通信（communication）；商业，贸易
（commerce）；佣金，委任书（commission）
enforce [in'fɔ:s] vt. 强迫，强制；实施，执行
EMPNO.. abbr. Employee Number员工编号
distinguishable [dis'tiŋɡwiʃəbl] adj. 可区别的；辩认得出的；可辨识的
alphabetic [,ælfə'betikəl, ,ælfə'betik] adj. 字母的；照字母次序的
DEPTNO.. abbr. Department Number部门编号
referential integrity 参照完整性；引用完整性
assign [ə'sain] vt.分配(任务)，把…分配给；给予；布置(作业等)
data modeling数据建模
conceptualize [kən'septjuəlaiz] vt. 使概念化
attributes [ə'tribju:t; 'ætribju:t] n. 属性（attribute的复数）
occurrence [ə'kə:rəns, -'kʌ-] n. 事件；发生；出现；发现
subtyping v. 子类型化（subtype的现在分词）
down to earth实际的
中国水利水电出版社
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
•
（ ）1. A relational model has three core components: a collection of objects or relations,
operators that act on the objects or relations, and data integrity methods.
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（ ）2. A database consists of one or more related tables.
•
（ ）3. A column in a table is a collection or instance of one thing, such as one employee or one
line item on an invoice.
•
（ ）4. A column (or columns) in a table that draws its values from a primary or unique key
column in another table. A foreign key assists in ensuring the data integrity of a table.
•
（ ）5. The data-modeling process involves defining the entities, defining the relationships
between those entities, and then defining the attributes for each of the entities.
•
（ ）6. A database table that stores the valid combinations of rows from two other tables and
usually enforces a business rule. An associative table resolves a many-to-many relationship.
•
（ ）7. In a one-to-many relationship, a row in a table is related to only one or none of the rows in
a second table.
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（ ）8. Associative table is a database table that stores the valid combinations of rows from two
other tables and usually enforces a business rule. An associative table resolves a many-to-many
relationship.
•
（ ）9. Data modeling is a process of defining the entities, attributes, and relationships between
the entities in preparation for creating the physical database.
中国水利水电出版社
Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
•
1. The
model is the basis for any relational database management system (RDBMS).
•
2. A database consists of one or more
.
•
3. A relational database uses
, or two-dimensional tables, to store the information needed to
support a business.
•
4. A
is the smallest piece of information that can be retrieved with the database's query
language.
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5.
is a group of one or more data elements in a database table that describes a person,
place, or thing.
•
6.
is a column (or columns) in a table that makes the row in the table distinguishable from
every other row in the same table.
•
7. A
in a relational database, alternatively known as a relation, is a two-dimensional
structure used to hold related information.
•
8. In general, there are
types of relationships in a relational database.
•
9. In a
relationship, one row of a table may be related to many rows of another table, and
vice versa.
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Text 7 Multimedia
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
中国水利水电出版社
Multimedia
• Multimedia is the combination of computer and
video technology. In fact, Multimedia is just two
media: sound and pictures. It is made from a mix
of hardware and software, or machine and ideas.
• Multimedia Equipment
• Multimedia requires sound and graphics
capability. A speedy processor chip plus a CDROM drive or DVD drive are also desirable.
Today, multimedia components are standard
equipment even on many inexpensive
computers.
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Uses for Multimedia
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Education
The essence of multimedia is to make computers more interesting.
Multimedia can make the learning process more interesting. So it will help
the learning process.
Entertainment
In many cases, today’s best games use the graphics technology. In
addition, writing entertainment applications (that is, games) can be a lot of
fun.
Information access
This is the age of information. We often find nothing with so much
information. Multimedia provides effective ways to organize information and
search for facts.
Business presentations
To many companies, presenting information to business professionals is
a required form of communication. Applications are already available for
creating great-looking presentations, and through multimedia these
applications will become even better and more effective.
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
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multimedia ['mʌlti'mi:djə] n.多媒体
combination [,kɔmbi'neiʃən] n. 结合,联合
video ['vidiəu] adj. 录像的 n. 录像(机) vt. 制作...的录像
mainstream ['meinstri:m] n. 主流
soundboard n. 共鸣板(共振板),音板
recipient [ri'sipiənt] n. 接受者,收信人
passive ['pæsiv] adj. 被动的,消极的n. 被动性
plus [plʌs] adj. 正的conj. 并且n. 加号,正号prep. 加
desirable [di'zaiərəbl] adj. 令人想要的[计算机] 希望的
speaker [‘spi:kə] n. 扬声器,说话者,发言者,说某种语言者
headphone [‘hedfəun] n. 戴在头上的收话器,双耳式耳机
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
• microphone ['maikrəfəʊn] n. 麦克风,扩音器
• circuitry ['sə:kitri] n. 电路,线路
• 3-D sound 指采用数码技术进行混响、录音和制作，用以保证能够充
分发挥多媒体音响的3D环绕立体声技术
• pixel ['piksəl] 像素
• accelerated [ək'seləreitid] adj. 加速的v. 加速,促进vbl. 加速,促进
• coordinate[kəu'ɔ:dinit] n. 同等的人物,同位格adj. 同等的,等位的v. 协
调,整合,【计算机】坐标
• chipmakern. 芯片制造商
• Computer-based training (CBT) 计算机培训
• great-looking 绚丽的，美观的
• presentation [,prezen'teiʃən] n. 陈述,介绍,赠与n. [美]讲课,报告
中国水利水电出版社
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. In fact, Multimedia is just two media: sound and pictures.
• （ ）2. Multimedia PC needs to be less powerful than mainstream
computer.
• （ ）3. A CD-ROM drive allows your computer to access audios and
videos — especially videos — require lots of storage space.
• （ ）4. Multimedia can make the learning process less interesting.
So it will harm the learning process.
• （ ）5. Many companies found CBT has saved expenses and
trained employees less effectively by using a multimedia application.
• （ ）6. Multimedia provides effective ways to organize information
and search for facts.
中国水利水电出版社
Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. __________ is the combination of computer and video technology.
• 2. The __________ serves as multimedia's chief storage and exchange
medium.
• 3. A __________ card gives a computer the capability to record and play
sound files as well as video sound tracks.
• 4. Your computer’s __________ card takes signals from the processor and
uses them to “paint” an image on the screen.
• 5. A fast processor can quickly handle the huge amount of digital data that is
required to store and produce multimedia. The faster the __________, the
more data it can process each second.
• 6.Applications are already available for creating great-looking presentations,
and through __________ these applications will become even better and
more effective.
中国水利水电出版社
Text 8 Software engineering
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
中国水利水电出版社
Software engineering
• Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined,
quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and
maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is,
the application of engineering to software.
• History of software engineering
• Programming languages started to appear in the 1950s and this was
also another major step in abstraction. Major languages such as
Fortran, ALGOL, and Cobol were released in the late 1950s to deal
with scientific, algorithmic, and business problems respectively. E.W.
Dijkstra wrote his seminal paper, "Go To Statement Considered
Harmful", in 1968 and David Parnas introduced the key concept of
modularity and information hiding in 1972 to help programmers deal
with the ever increasing complexity of software systems. A software
system for managing the hardware called an operating system was
also introduced, most notably by Unix in 1969. In 1967, the Simula
language introduced the object-oriented programming paradigm.
中国水利水电出版社
Education
• A knowledge of programming is the main prerequisite to becoming a software engineer, but it
is not sufficient. Many software engineers have
degrees in Computer Science due to the lack of
software engineering programs in higher
education. However, this has started to change
with the introduction of new software
engineering degrees, especially in post-graduate
education. A standard international curriculum
for undergraduate software engineering degrees
was defined by the CCSE.
中国水利水电出版社
• Software engineering can be divided into ten subdisciplines. They
are:
• Software requirements: The elicitation, analysis, specification, and
validation of requirements for software.
• Software design: The design of software is usually done with
Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools and use
standards for the format, such as the Unified Modeling Language
(UML).
• Software development: The construction of software through the use
of programming languages.
• Software testing
• Software maintenance: Software systems often have problems and
need enhancements for a long time after they are first completed.
This subfield deals with those problems.
中国水利水电出版社
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Software configuration management: Since software systems are very
complex, their configuration (such as versioning and source control) have to
be managed in a standardized and structured method.
Software engineering management: The management of software systems
borrows heavily from project management, but there are nuances
encountered in software not seen in other management disciplines.
Software development process: The process of building software is hotly
debated among practitioners with the main paradigms being agile or
waterfall.
Software engineering tools, see Computer Aided Software Engineering
Software quality
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
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application [,æpli'keiʃən] n. 应用；申请；应用程序
systematic [,sisti'mætik] adj. 有系统的；系统的；体系的
disciplined ['disiplind] adj. 有条理的，有条不紊的，缜密的
quantifiable adj. 可以计量的, 可量化的
maintenance ['meintənəns] n. 维护，维修；保持
NATO abbr. 北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization）
software engineering软件工程
provoke [prəu'vəuk] vt. 驱使；惹起
affordable [ə'fɔ:dəbl] adj. 负担得起的
conform to符合；遵照
organically [ɔ:'ɡænikli] adv. 器官上地；有机地；有组织地
digital computer数字电脑
instruction n. 指令；说明
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
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architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə] n.体系结构
Von Neumann冯·诺依曼（匈裔美籍数学家，被誉为“计算机之父”）
abstraction [æb'strækʃən] n. 抽象；抽象概念；提取；空想
ALGOL abbr. 算法语言（Algorithmic Language）
algorithmic [,ælɡə'riðmik] 算法的；规则系统的
seminal ['seminəl] adj. 有发展可能的；潜在的；有创造力的，对未来有影响的；重大
的
modularity [,mɔdju'læriti, -dʒu-] n. 模块性
notably adv. 显著地；尤其
complexity [kəm'pleksiti] n. 复杂，复杂性；复杂错综的事物
microcomputer [,maikrəukəm'pju:tə] n.微型计算机；微电脑
hobbyist ['hɔbiist] n. 业余爱好者；沉溺于某嗜好之人
SDLC abbr. 系统开发生命周期（Systems Development Life Cycle）
Simula abbr. 模拟语言（Simulation Language）
virtual machine 虚拟机，虚拟计算机
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
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collaborate [kə'læbəreit] vi. (尤指在文艺、科学等方面)合作；合著；协作
manifesto [,mæni'festəu] n. 宣言；声明；告示
light weight 轻量；轻质
CCSE 中国软件工程大会
opine [əu'pain] vt. 以为；想
IEEE abbr. 电气与电子工程师协会（Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers）
SWEBOK 软件工程知识体系
ISO abbr. 国际标准化组织（International Standardization Organization）
European Commission欧洲委员会
double degree双学位
elicitation.. [i,lisi'teiʃən] n. 启发，引出
specification [,spesifi‘keiʃən] n. 规格；详述；说明书
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
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validation [,væli'deiʃən] n. 批准；确认；生效
format ['fɔ:mæt] n. 版式；开本；格式
UML abbr. 统一建模语言（Unified Modeling Language）
enhancement n. 增加；放大
configuration [kən,fiɡju'reiʃən] n. 配置；结构；外形
versioningn. 版本管理；版本控制，版本化
nuance ['nju:ɑ:ns, nju:'ɑ:ns] n. 细微差别
paradigm ['pærədim] n.范例；示例；模范；规范
agile ['ædʒail] adj. 敏捷的；机敏的；活泼的
waterfall ['wɔ:təfɔ:l, 'wɔ-] n. 瀑布；瀑布似的东西
中国水利水电出版社
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. The term software engineering first appeared in the 1968 NATO Software
Engineering Conference and was meant to provoke thought regarding the current
"software crisis" at the time.
• （ ）2. Programming languages started to appear in the 1970s and this was also
another major step in abstraction.
• （ ）3. The late 1970s and early 1980s saw the introduction of several new Simulainspired object-oriented programming languages, including C++, Smalltalk, and
Objective C.
• （ ）4. The Internet and World Wide Web hit in the mid 80s changing the engineering
of software once again.
• （ ）5. The current definition of software engineering is still being debated by
practitioners today as they struggle to come up with ways to produce software that is
"cheaper, bigger, quicker".
• （ ）6. The first division between "hardware" and "software" began with abstraction
being used to deal with the complexity of computing.
中国水利水电出版社
Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1.
is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to
the development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these
approaches.
• 2. David Parnas introduced the key concept of
and
in 1972 to help
programmers deal with the ever increasing complexity of software systems.
• 3. A software system for managing the hardware called an
was also
introduced, most notably by Unix in 1969.
• 4. In 1967, the Simula language introduced the
programming paradigm.
• 5. Open-source software started to appear in the early 90s in the form of
and
other software introducing.
• 6. The Software Development Life Cycle or
was also starting to appear as a
consensus for centralized construction of software in the mid 1980s.
中国水利水电出版社
Text 9 Introduction to Windows
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
中国水利水电出版社
Microsoft Windows
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•
Microsoft Windows is a software system that works hand in hand with
MSDOS to create what is commonly called a graphical operating
environment, or Graphical User Interface (GUI)．Working with your
computer in this environment offers many advantages over working with
"normal" MSDOS．Here are some of those advantages：
Windows replaces the DOS command line, so that you no longer have
to deal with difficult-to-remember DOS commands. Instead of typing at the
DOS A or C prompt to start programs, for example, you can start them by
selecting easily recognizable graphic symbols, called icons．And instead of
having to look up command syntax in a DOS manual when you want to copy,
files or check the amount of free space on a disk, you can perform these
functions with Windows drop-down menus and dialog boxes．These menus
and dialog boxes free you from concerning about command syntax．
中国水利水电出版社
•
Windows lets you run more than one program ate
time and move easily and quickly between pro-grams.
You don’t have to quit your word processor, for example,
when you want to consult your calendar．
•
Windows provides a standard mechanism for
copying or moving information from one program to
another．This mechanism, called the clipboard, means
that information created in one context is instantly
reusable in another: you don’t need to reenter
information or work with clumsy data-transfer utilities．
中国水利水电出版社
• Windows also includes a facility called Dynamic
Data Exchange (DDE) that allows certain
program to exchange information
automatically．Programs that support DDE can
be "hot linked" together so that changes within
one are instantly reflected in the other.
• Windows makes more efficient use of all your
computer’s memory than does standard MSDOS.
All programs written for version 3 (or later) of
Windows can take advantage of memory beyond
640KB, without requiring special hardware or
"driver" files.
中国水利水电出版社
• Windows encourages consistency among applications, making it
easier for you to use a variety of complementary programs in your
work. Applications written specifically for the Windows environment
have a great deal in common, because they all use standard
Windows drop-down menus and dialog box formats．Thus，when
you learn to use one Windows program, you’re well on your way
toward knowing how to use a Windows program．
• In short, Windows is a system that makes your computer easier to
use, allowing you to be more productive and get the maximum value
from your hardware and software investment.
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
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prompt [prɔmpt] adj.【计算机】提示信息的
command [kə'mɑ:nd] n. 【计算机】DOS命令 : 引用辅助命令处理器
syntax ['sintæks] n. 句法
consult [kən'sʌlt] vt.请教，求教于；征求…的意见；找…商议：
calendar ['kælində] n. 日历,月历,日程表
mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械,机构,结构机制，原理
drop-down menus下拉菜单
instantly ['instəntli] ad. 立即地,即刻地
data-transfer 数据传输
reusable [ri:'ju:zəbl] adj. 【计算机】可再用的
reenter [,ri:'entə] vt.再进入；重返
clumsy ['klʌmzi] adj.1. 笨拙的，笨手笨脚的，不灵便的2. 制作粗陋的；样子不好看的
facility [fə'siliti] n. 设施,设备
consistency [kən'sistənsi] n. 稠度(一致性,相容性)
complementary [kʃmplə'mentəri] adj. 补充的
maximum ['mæksiməm] n. 极点,最大量,极大adj. 最高的,最大极限的
中国水利水电出版社
Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. Microsoft Windows is a hardware system that works hand in hand with MSDOS to
create what is commonly called a graphical operating environment.
• （ ）2. Windows lets you run only one program ate time and move easily and quickly
between pro-grams.
• （ ）3. Windows encourages consistency among applications, making it harder for you to
use a variety of complementary programs in your work.
• （ ）4. Applications written specifically for the Windows environment have a great deal in
common, because they all use standard Windows drop-down menus and dialog box
formats．
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• （ ）1. Windows replaces the DOS command line, so that you no longer have to deal with
difficult-to-remember __________ commands.
• （ ）2. Instead of typing at the DOS A or C prompt to start programs, for example, you can
start them by selecting easily recognizable graphic symbols, called__________．
• （ ）3. Instead of having to look up command syntax in a DOS manual when you want to
copy, files or check the amount of free space on a disk, you can perform these functions
with Windows drop-down menus and __________ boxes．
• （ ）4. Windows provides a standard mechanism for copying or moving information from
one program to another．This mechanism, called the __________.
• （ ）5. Windows also includes a facility called __________ that allows certain program to
exchange information automatically．
中国水利水电出版社
Text 10 Artificial Intelligence
• Main Contents
• Words and Expressions
• Exercises
中国水利水电出版社
Artificial Intelligence
• “An artificial Intelligence.” Just putting the two
words together is like issuing a challenge. When
the chart of the animal kingdom was first laid out
by naturalists, humans reserved for themselves
the exalted name Homo sapiens. The ancient
Greeks saw the rational faculties as
distinguishing humans from other creatures.
Many religious thinkers added to this the notion
of the soul, a permanent and essential identity
infused into people by their divine creator.
中国水利水电出版社
• The birth of modern science in the 17th and 18th
centuries and the work of thinkers such as René
Descartes, Isaac Newton, and Gottfried Leibniz brought
a new question into play. If the Universe was really a sort
of huge, complex machine subject only to the laws of
nature, then perhaps people, too, were really machines.
But what was the role of the mind in the human machine?
This question arose naturally from dualism, or the split
between mind on the one hand and body on the other.
The brain was part of the body, but how was it connected
to the structures of thought, perception, and imagination?
中国水利水电出版社
•
As the 20th century progressed many new views and explanations would be
heard. Alan Turing, the first person profiled in this text, developed a
mathematical proof that said that some kinds of problems could not be
solved through computation. On the other hand, all possible computations
can be done by a hypothetical machine, a “universal computer.” When
actual computing machines came along in the 1940s, Turing went on to ask
key questions that would continue to preoccupy artificial intelligence (AI)
researchers for almost six decades and counting: Can what the mind does
be expressed as computation? Can a computer be so advanced people
cannot tell that it is a computer? Before his tragically early death, Turing
predicted that by the end of the century people would find the idea of
intelligent computers to be at least plausible. The first generation of
electronic digital computers grew steadily in power, and the 1950s saw the
establishment of AI as a distinct field of research. One of the pioneers in this
text, John McCarthy, coined the term artificial intelligence and organized the
1956 conference at Dartmouth that displayed the field’s first fruits and
suggested its future agenda. Two other featured AI researchers, Allen
Newell and Herbert Simon, created programs that could apply the rules of
logic, form hypotheses, and solve problems—all things that most people
would consider to be signs of intelligence. Meanwhile, the course of AI
research had split into two currents.
中国水利水电出版社
• Researchers such as McCarthy, Newell, and Simon focused on
programming logical structures and ways to manipulate symbols and
understand language. They focused on computation. The other
current, found in early work with neural networks, suggested that the
road to AI was to be found in creating complex webs of connections
similar to those found in the neurons in the brain, and to develop
simple but powerful ways of reinforcing such connections. This
would allow the network to learn how, for example, to recognize a
letter or a shape. Another featured scientist, Marvin Minsky,
developed these ideas and added a new theory of the mind—that it
consisted of many layers of different “agents” that dealt with different
aspects of knowledge and cooperated as a “society of mind” from
which our intelligence and consciousness emerged.
中国水利水电出版社
•
•
By the 1970s, considerable progress had been made in both of these
currents of AI. However, the hoped-for breakthrough to a general-purpose
artificial intelligence that could understand natural human language and
deal with a wide variety of problems still seemed rather far away. The next
two featured researchers, Edward Feigenbaum and Douglas Lenat, shared
with many earlier colleagues a belief that a major obstacle to versatile AI
was that computer programs lacked common sense. That is, they did not
have the broad base of knowledge about how the world works that a human
six year old already possesses.
Marvin Minsky had begun to address this lack through the development of
frames, or structured descriptions of facts or situations in daily life.
Feigenbaum developed a way to create a “knowledge base” of assertions
about a particular field of expertise, and a program called an “inference
engine” that could search the knowledge base for applicable rules and
logically construct an answer to the user’s question.
中国水利水电出版社
• By the end of the 1980s “expert systems” using
these techniques were doing everything from
diagnosing infectious diseases and car trouble
to figuring out the best way for an airline to
deploy its planes efficiently. Meanwhile, Douglas
Lenat has embarked on a decades-long project
called (short for encyclopedia) that continues to
this day, compiling millions of facts and
relationships and developing sophisticated tools
to deal with them.
中国水利水电出版社
• Historically AI researchers have tended to make bold, confident
predictions that such goals as language understanding, robust
problem solving, and commonsense reasoning would be achieved in
a matter of only a few years. Actual progress has always been much
slower. After all, there is not even a single widely accepted theory
about what intelligence actually consists of. Nevertheless, AI
research and the related field of cognitive science—the study of
thinking in brain and machine—have shed much light on each
other’s concerns. To the extent researchers learn about the brain,
they can create computer simulations that seek to capture its
processing. To the extent they try out new ideas about cognition with
computers, they might learn more about the brain in turn.
中国水利水电出版社
• The AI field has also been the subject of vigorous (and
often heated) debate. This text features three final
people who bring quite different perspectives to the field.
Joseph Weizenbaum created a deceptively simple
program called ELIZA in the mid-1960s. The program
echoed back the user’s statements in a way similar to
that of certain modern psychotherapists. Alarmed at how
readily people confided in the machine, Weizenbaum
undertook a critique of the use and misuse of computer
power. He suggested that people both overestimated the
prowess of the machines and misused them to serve
military and other purposes contrary to humane values.
中国水利水电出版社
• Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus also criticized the use of
computers, but his major critique involved his assertion
that the human mind is not like a computer at all. The
brain is part of a body, and the body is deeply and
intricately connected to the living environment. As a
follower of “phenomenological” philosophy, Dreyfus has
attempted with only partial success to carry on a
dialogue or dispute with AI researchers over the years.
中国水利水电出版社
• Finally, the text ends with the ultimate question: is a true artificial
intelligence possible—and if it is, what will it do to us flesh-and-blood
humans? This question has been addressed head-on by our last
subject (and one of our most interesting), Ray Kurzweil. A prolific
inventor who brought the world a reading machine for the blind,
scanners, and music synthesizers, Kurzweil has focused in recent
years on trying to answer the big questions about AI. His answer is
that the explosive growth of computing power and the ability to scan
the brain with greater and greater resolution will, in a few decades,
lead to AI that equals and then surpasses human capabilities.
People will also be able to enhance their capabilities using this
technology. Response to Kurzweil has ranged from exhilaration to
dismay at the possibility of technology getting out of control and
perhaps resulting in the extinction of the human species.
中国水利水电出版社
• Wherever the future may lead, the history of AI
and the people who made it are fascinating.
Their work continues to shape many of the
products in use today, from navigation systems
to online financial planning tools. In the end,
though, AI is most fascinating because it asks us
how much we understand about ourselves and
challenges us to imagine and perhaps face the
nearly unimaginable.
中国水利水电出版社
Words and Expressions
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artificial Intelligence【计算机】人工智能
naturalist ['nætʃərəlist] n. 自然主义者,博物学者
exalted [ig'zɔ:ltid] a. 尊贵的,高位的,高尚的
rational ['ræʃənl] a. 合理的,理性的n. 有理数
distinguish [dis'tiŋgwiʃ] v. 区别,辨别,表现突出
religious [ri'lidʒəs] a. 宗教的
permanent ['pə:mənənt] a. 永久的,持久的
divine [di'vain] a. 神的,神圣的
dualism ['dju:əlizəm] n. 双重性,二元论,二神教
computation [,kɔmpju(:)'teiʃ(ə)n] n. 计算
agenda [ə'dʒendə] n. 议事日程
navigation [,nævi'geiʃən] n. 航行,航海
extinction [iks'tiŋkʃən] n. 消失,消减,废止
expert systems【计算机】专家系统
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Exercises
I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F.
• （ ）1. The first generation of electronic digital computers grew steadily in power, and the
1950s saw the establishment of AI as a distinct field of research.
• （ ）2. Researchers such as McCarthy, Newell, and Simon focused on programming
logical structures and ways to manipulate symbols and understand language. They
focused on computation.
• （ ）3. Marvin Minsky, developed these ideas and added a new theory of the mind—that it
consisted of many layers of different “agents” that dealt with different aspects of knowledge
and cooperated as a “society of mind” from which our intelligence and consciousness
emerged.
• （ ）4. By the 1970s, considerable progress had been made in both of these currents of AI.
The hoped-for breakthrough to a general-purpose artificial intelligence that could
understand natural human language and deal with a wide variety of problems seemed easy
to realized.
• （ ）5. Marvin Minsky had begun to address this lack through the development of frames,
or structured descriptions of facts or situations in daily life.
• （ ）6. Feigenbaum developed a way to create a “knowledge base” of assertions about a
particular field of expertise, and a program called an “inference engine” that could search
the knowledge base for applicable rules and logically construct an answer to the user’s
question.
• （ ）7. Alarmed at how readily people confided in the machine, Feigenbaum undertook a
critique of the use and misuse of computer power.
• （ ）8. As a follower of “phenomenological” philosophy, Dreyfus has attempted with only
partial success to carry on a dialogue or dispute with AI researchers over the years.
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Exercises
II. Fill in the blanks with proper words.
• 1. The ancient Greeks saw the
faculties as distinguishing humans from other
creatures.
• 2. As the 20th century progressed many new views and explanations would be heard.
Alan Turing, developed a mathematical proof that said that some kinds of problems
could not be solved through
.
• 3. When actual computing machines came along in the 1940s, Turing went on to ask
key questions that would continue to preoccupy artificial intelligence (AI) researchers
for almost six decades and counting: Can what the
does be expressed as
computation?
• 4. AI is short of
.
• 5.Two featured AI researchers, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, created programs
that could apply the rules of
, form hypotheses, and solve problems.
• 6. By the end of the 1980s “
systems” using AI techniques were doing everything
from diagnosing infectious diseases and car trouble to figuring out the best way for an
airline to deploy its planes efficiently.
• 7. To the extent researchers learn about the brain, they can create computer
simulations that seek to capture its processing. To the extent they try out new ideas
about cognition with computers, they might learn more about the
in turn.
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Sentence Explanations
1. Rather than relying on complex,
centralized logic systems that mimic
ant behavior use many small, autonomous
software agents.
模仿蚂蚁行为的软件系统不是依赖复杂
的集中式逻辑，而是利用许多短小的、自治
的软件代理。
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2. Higher-level, or “swarm”, intelligence
emerges from those rudimentary rules in ways
that would be difficult to program into
conventional software.
在上一层，即“蚁群”这一层，智能从
那些简单的规则中，以常规编程可能难于实
现的方式浮现出来。
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