Transcript Document

• expert system
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system
1
In Artificial Intelligence, an expert system is a
computer system that emulates the decisionmaking ability of a human expert. Expert
systems are designed to solve complex
problems by reasoning about knowledge,
represented primarily as IF-THEN rules
rather than through conventional procedural
code. The first expert systems were created
in the 1970s and then proliferated in the
1980s. Expert systems were among the first
truly successful forms of AI software.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system
1
An expert system has a unique architecture,
different from traditional computer
programming. It is divided into two parts, one
fixed, independent of the expert system: the
inference engine, and one variable: the
knowledge base. The knowledge base
represents facts about the world and rules.
The inference engine applies the rules to the
known facts to deduce new facts. Inference
engines can also include explanation and
debugging capabilities.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - History
1
Hayes-Roth expressed the key insight
of early expert systems to be that
intelligent systems derive their power
from the knowledge they possess
rather than from the specific
formalisms and inference schemes
they use
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - History
Expert systems were introduced by the
Stanford Heuristic Programming Project
led by Edward Feigenbaum who is
sometimes referred to as the "father of
expert systems". The Stanford researchers
tried to identify domains where expertise
was highly valued and complex such as
diagnosing infectious diseases (Mycin)
and identifying unknown organic
molecules (Dendral)
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - History
1
In addition to Feigenbaum key early
contributors were Bruce Buchanan,
Edward Shortliffe, Randall Davis,
William vanMelle, and Carli Scott.
Expert systems were among the first
truly successful forms of AI software.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - History
The advantage of expert system shells was that
they were somewhat easier for non-programmers to
use
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - History
1
In the 1980s, expert systems proliferated.
Universities offered expert system courses
and two thirds of the Fortune 1000
companies applied the technology in daily
business activities. Interest was
international with the Fifth Generation
Computer Systems project in Japan and
increased research funding in Europe.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - History
Up until that point the primary
development environment for expert
systems had been high end Lisp
machines from Symbolics and Texas
Instruments
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - History
Many of the leading major business
application suite vendors such as SAP,
Siebel, and Oracle integrated expert
system capabilities into their suite of
products as a way of specifying business
logic
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Software architecture
1
An expert system is an example of a
knowledge-based system. Expert
systems were the first commercial
systems to use a knowledge-based
architecture. A knowledge-based
system is essentially composed of two
sub-systems: the knowledge base and
the inference engine.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Software architecture
1
In later expert systems developed
with commercial shells the
knowledge base took on more
structure and utilized concepts from
object-oriented programming
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Software architecture
1
One of the early innovations of expert
systems shells was to integrate
inference engines with a user
interface
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Software architecture
As Expert Systems evolved many new
techniques were incorporated into various
types of inference engines. Some of the
most important of these were:
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Software architecture
Although they were not highly used in
expert systems classifiers are very
powerful for unstructured volatile domains
and are a key technology for the Internet
and the emerging Semantic Web.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Advantages
With an expert system the goal was to
specify the rules in a format that was
intuitive and easily understood, reviewed,
and even edited by domain experts rather
than IT experts
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Advantages
With an expert system shell it was
possible to enter a few rules and have a
prototype developed in days rather
than the months or year typically
associated with complex IT projects.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Advantages
1
In addition as expert systems moved from
prototypes in the lab to deployment in the
business world issues of integration and
maintenance became far more critical
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Disadvantages
1
These problems with expert systems
were essentially the same problems as
any other large system: integration,
access to large databases, and
performance.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Disadvantages
1
As a result a great deal of effort in the
later stages of expert system tool
development were focused on
integration with legacy environments
such as COBOL, integration with large
database systems, and porting to more
standard platforms
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Applications
Also, while these categories provide an
intuitive framework for describing the
space of expert systems applications, they
are not rigid categories and in some cases
an application may show characteristics of
more than one category.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Applications
1
For the most part this category or expert systems
was not all that successful
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Applications
1
Dendral was a tool to study hypothesis
formation in the identification of
organic molecules. The general
problem it solved—designing a
solution given a set of constraints—
was one of the most successful areas
for early expert systems applied to
business domains such as sales
people configuring Dec Vax
computers and mortgage loan
application development.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert system - Applications
1
SMH.PAL is an expert system for the
assessment of students with multiple
disabilities.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems
In Artificial Intelligence, an 'expert
system' is a computer system that
emulates the decision-making ability of
a human expert. Expert systems are
designed to solve complex problems by
reasoning about knowledge, represented
primarily as IF-THEN rules rather than
through conventional procedural code.
The first expert systems were created in
the 1970s and then proliferated in the
1980s. Expert systems were among the
first truly successful forms of Artificial
Intelligence|AI software.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems
Inference engines can also include
explanation and debugging capabilities.,
School of Science Education, Expert
system: a catalyst in educational
development in Nigeria: Knowledge-based
systems collect the small fragments of
human know-how into a knowledge-base
which is used to reason through a
problem, using the knowledge that is
appropriated
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems - History
1
Expert systems were introduced by
the Stanford Heuristic Programming
Project led by Edward Feigenbaum
who is sometimes referred to as the
father of expert systems. The Stanford
researchers tried to identify domains
where expertise was highly valued
and complex such as diagnosing
infectious diseases Mycin|(Mycin)
and identifying unknown organic
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems - History
Stubblefield, Benjamin/Cummings
Publishers, Rule Based Expert System
Shell: example of code using the
Prolog rule based expert system shell,
Université de Liège, Belgique:
PROLOG, the first declarative
language
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems - History
1
In the 1980s, expert systems proliferated.
Universities offered expert system courses
and two thirds of the Fortune 1000
companies applied the technology in daily
business activities.Durkin, J. Expert
Systems: Catalog of Applications.
Intelligent Computer Systems, Inc., Akron,
OH, 1993. Interest was international with
the Fifth Generation Computer Systems
project in Japan and increased research
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems - History
Up until that point the primary
development environment for expert
systems had been high end Lisp machines
from Xerox, Symbolics Inc.|Symbolics and
Texas Instruments
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems - History
1
Many of the leading major business
application suite vendors such as SAP
(software)|SAP, Siebel
Systems|Siebel, and Oracle
Corporation|Oracle integrated expert
system capabilities into their suite of
products as a way of specifying
business logic
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
AI Winter - The fall of expert systems
1
Expert systems proved
useful, but only in a few
special contexts
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
AI Winter - The fall of expert systems
The few remaining expert
system|expert system shell
companies were eventually forced to
downsize and search for new markets
and software paradigms, like case
based reasoning or universal database
access
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
History of AI - The neats: logic, Prolog and expert systems
Prolog uses a subset of logic (Horn
clauses, closely related to rules and
production system|production rules) that
permit tractable computation. Rules would
continue to be influential, providing a
foundation for Edward Feigenbaum's
expert systems and the continuing work by
Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon that
would lead to Soar (cognitive
architecture)|Soar and their Unified Theory
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
History of AI - The rise of expert systems
An expert system is a program that
answers questions or solves problems
about a specific domain of knowledge,
using logical production system|rules
that are derived from the knowledge of
experts. The earliest examples were
developed by Edward Feigenbaum and
his students. Dendral, begun in 1965,
identified compounds from
spectrometer readings. MYCIN,
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
History of AI - The rise of expert systems
1
Expert systems restricted themselves
to a small domain of specific
knowledge (thus avoiding the
commonsense knowledge problem)
and their simple design made it
relatively easy for programs to be built
and then modified once they were in
place. All in all, the programs proved to
be useful: something that AI had not
been able to achieve up to this point.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
History of AI - The rise of expert systems
1
Corporations around the world began
to develop and deploy expert systems
and by 1985 they were spending over a
billion dollars on AI, most of it to inhouse AI departments
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Software agent - Distinguishing agents from expert systems
1
* Expert systems are
not coupled to their
environment;
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
R1 (expert system)
1
The 'R1' (later called 'XCON', for e'X'pert
'CON'figurer) program was a productionrule-based system written in OPS5 by
John P. McDermott of Carnegie Mellon
University|CMU in 1978 to assist in the
ordering of Digital Equipment
Corporation|DEC's VAX computer systems
by automatically selecting the computer
system components based on the
customer's requirements. The
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
R1 (expert system)
1
XCON's success led DEC to Rewrite
(programming)|rewrite XCON as
'XSEL'- a version of XCON intended
for use by DEC's salesforce to aid a
customer in properly configuring
their VAX (so they wouldn't, say,
choose a computer too large to fit
through their doorway or choose too
few cabinets for the components to fit
in). Location problems and
configuration were handled by yet
another expert system, 'XSITE'.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems
Expert systems are designed to solve
complex problems by automated
reasoning|reasoning about knowledge,
represented primarily as Rule-based
system|if–then rules rather than through
conventional procedural code. The first
expert systems were created in the 1970s
and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert
systems were among the first truly
successful forms of Artificial Intelligence|AI
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems
Inference engines can also include
explanation and debugging
capabilities.[http://www.hrmars.com/admin/pic
s/261.pdf Nwigbo Stella and Agbo Okechuku
Chuks], School of Science Education, Expert
system: a catalyst in educational
development in Nigeria: Knowledge-based
systems collect the small fragments of human
know-how into a knowledge-base which is
used to reason through a problem, using the
knowledge that is appropriated
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems - History
1
Edward Feigenbaum in a 1977 paper
said that the key insight of early
expert systems was that intelligent
systems derive their power from the
knowledge they possess rather than
from the specific formalisms and
inference schemes they use (as
paraphrased by Hayes-Roth, et al.)
Although, in retrospect, this seems a
rather straightforward insight, it was a
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems - History
Expert systems were introduced by the
Stanford Heuristic Programming Project
led by Feigenbaum, who is sometimes
referred to as the father of expert systems.
The Stanford researchers tried to identify
domains where expertise was highly
valued and complex, such as diagnosing
infectious diseases (Mycin) and identifying
unknown organic molecules (Dendral).
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems - History
In addition to Feigenbaum key early
contributors were Edward Shortliffe, Bruce
Buchanan, and Randall Davis. Expert
systems were among the first truly
successful forms of Artificial Intelligence|AI
software.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems - History
Stubblefield, Benjamin/Cummings
Publishers, Rule Based Expert System
Shell: example of code using the
Prolog rule based expert system
shell[http://promethee.philo.ulg.ac.be/e
ngdep1/download/prolog/htm_docs/pro
log.htm A
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems - History
Many of the leading major business
application suite vendors such as SAP
(software)|SAP, Siebel Systems|Siebel,
and Oracle Corporation|Oracle integrated
expert system capabilities into their suite
of products as a way of specifying
business logic
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages
They also see in the application of
expert systems a possibility for
standardized, efficient handling of
mortgage loans, and appreciate that
for the acceptance of mortgages there
are hard and fast rules which do not
always exist with other types of loans.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages
1
The expert system
corrects this
failure”.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages
The expert system also capitalizes on
regulatory possibilities. In France, the
government subsidizes one type of loan
which is available only on low-cost
properties (the HLM) and to lower income
families. Known as frets Conventionnes,
these carry a rate of interest lower than
the rate on the ordinary property loan from
a bank. The difficulty is that granting them
is subject to numerous regulations,
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages
Expert system for mortgages takes
care of these by providing branch
employees with tools permitting them
to process an application correctly,
even if a bank employee does not have
an exact knowledge of the screening
procedure.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives
The expert system neither
refuses nor grants loans, but it:
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives
1
* means and the security to be obtained
from him.Expert systems in banking: a
guide for senior managers./Dimitris
N.Chorafas and Heinrich Steinmann. p.
222-225.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives
The expert system provides the
branch with a significant amount of
assistance simply by producing
correct applications for a loan. In
many cases the client had to choose
between different types of loans, and it
was planned that expert system
should enable bank employees to
advise clients on the type of loan
which best matched their needs. This,
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives
The main tasks of
expert system for
mortgages focused
on:
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives
1
Simple expert systems constitute the
first phase of a loan application for
mortgage purposes. After a prototype
is made, the construct should be
presented to expert loan officers who,
working together with the knowledge
engineer(s) will refine the first model.
But if there is no first try which is
simple and understandable, there will
not be complex real-life solutions
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives
1
Whether simple or sophisticated, an expert
system for mortgages should be provided
with explanation facilities that show how it
reaches its decisions and hence its advice.
The confidence of the loan officer in the AI
construct will be increased when this is
done in a convincing manner.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages - Application of expert systems for mortgages
1
Through the Mavent Compliance Console
(MC2), the front-end interface to the
Mavent Expert System, Fannie Mae
review loans for compliance with its
policies on the Truth in Lending Act (TILA),
federal and state high-cost lending laws,
and the points-and-fees test as outlined in
the Fannie Mae Selling and Servicing
Guide.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages - Application of expert systems for mortgages
Expert systems for mortgages can be
used not only in mortgage banking, but
also in law. There are some expert system
that was developed to assist attorneys and
paralegals in the closing process for
commercial real estate mortgage loans.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
Expert systems for mortgages - Application of expert systems for mortgages
1
An Expert System for
Legal Consultation
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html
For More Information, Visit:
• https://store.theartofservice.co
m/the-expert-systemtoolkit.html
The Art of Service
https://store.theartofservice.com