Transcript fundis08chap07

Specialized Business
Information Systems
Chapter 7
Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
1
Principles and Learning Objectives
• Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of
systems that can replicate human decision making for certain
types of well-defined problems.
– Define the term artificial intelligence and state the objective of
developing artificial intelligence systems.
– List the characteristics of intelligent behavior and compare the
performance of natural and artificial intelligence systems for each of
these characteristics.
– Identify the major components of the artificial intelligence field and
provide one example of each type of system.
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Systems, Second Edition
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• Expert systems can enable a novice to perform
at the level of an expert but must be developed
and maintained very carefully.
– List the characteristics and basic components of
expert systems.
– Outline and briefly explain the steps for developing an
expert system.
– Identify the benefits associated with the use of expert
systems.
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Systems, Second Edition
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• Virtual reality systems have the potential to reshape the
interface between people and information technology by
offering new ways to communicate information creatively.
– Define the term virtual reality and provide three examples of
virtual reality applications.
• Special-purpose systems can help organizations and
individuals achieve their goals.
– Discuss examples of special-purpose systems for organizational
and individual use.
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An Overview of Artificial
Intelligence
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The Nature of Intelligence
• Learn from experience & apply the knowledge
• Handle complex situations
• Solve problems when important information is
missing
• Determine what is important
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The Nature of Intelligence
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React quickly and correctly to new situations
Understand visual images
Process and manipulate symbols
Be creative and imaginative
Use heuristics
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A comparison of Natural and Artificial
Intelligence
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A Conceptual Model of Artificial
Intelligence
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Overview of Expert
Systems
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Characteristics of an Expert System
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Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions
Can display “intelligent” behavior
Can draw conclusions from complex relationships
Can provide portable knowledge
Can deal with uncertainty
Not widely used or tested
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Characteristics of an Expert System
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Limited to relatively narrow problems
Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge
Possibility of error
Cannot refine its own knowledge
May have high development costs
Raise legal and ethical concerns
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When to Use Expert Systems
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High payoff
Preserve scarce expertise
Distribute expertise
Provide more consistency than humans
Faster solutions than humans
Training expertise
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Components of an Expert System
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The Relationships Among Data,
Information, and Knowledge
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Systems, Second Edition
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Rules for a Credit Application
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Systems, Second Edition
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The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
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Knowledge Base
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Assembling human experts
The use of fuzzy logic
The use of rules
The use of cases
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Inference Engine
• Backward chaining
• Forward chaining
• Comparison of backward and forward chaining
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Expert Systems Development
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Participants in Developing and Using
Expert Systems
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Domain Expert
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Recognize the real problem
Develop a general framework for problem solving
Formulate theories about the situation
Develop and use general rules to solve a problem
Know when to break the rules or general principles
Solve problems quickly and efficiently
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Systems, Second Edition
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Expert Systems Development
Alternatives
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Applications of Expert System and
Artificial Intelligence
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Credit granting and loan analysis
Stock Picking
Catching cheats and terrorists
Budgeting
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Applications of Expert System and
Artificial Intelligence
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Information management and retrieval
Games
Virus detection
Hospitals and medical facilities
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Virtual Reality
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Virtual Reality
Enables one or more users to move and react in a
computer-simulated environment
• Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully
immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is
completely generated by a computer
• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to
move and react in a computer-simulated environment
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Interface Devices
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Head mounted display (HMD)
Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)
CAVE
Haptic interface
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The BOOM, a Head-Coupled Display
Device
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Viewing the Detroit Midfield Terminal in an Immersive
CAVE System
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Useful Applications
• Medicine – used to link stroke patients to
physical therapists
• Education and training – used by military for
aircraft maintenance
• Entertainment
– Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
• Real Estate Marketing and Tourism
– Used to increase real estate sales
– Virtual reality tour of the White House
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Other Specialized Systems
• Segway Personal Transporter
• Adaptive brain interface technology
• Personal awareness assistant (PAA)
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Segway
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Summary
• Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to
mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain
• Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience
• Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested
decisions) and display intelligent behavior
• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and
react in a computer-simulated environment
• Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in
new and exciting ways
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