Transcript Document
Computer System Organization Jyotsna Department of Computer Sc. & Engg. School of Engg. & Technology Sharda University Syllabus Unit A Introduction to Computer Organization Unit A Topic 1 History, Computer Organization vs. Computer Architecture, Bus: Types, Buses using multiplexers and tri-state buffers, Bus and memory transfer. Unit A Topic 2 Register transfer language, Micro-operations: Arithmetic ,shift and logic micro operations Unit A Topic 3 Adder-Subtractor- Incrementor, Arithmetic unit, Logic unit. Unit B Computer Arithmetic Unit B Topic 1 Representation of numbers in 1’s and 2’s complement, Addition and subtraction of signednumbers. Unit B Topic 2 Binary Multiplier ,Multiplication: Signed Operand multiplication, Booth algorithm Unit B Topic 3 Floating point representation: addition and subtraction. Syllabus Unit C Control Unit Unit C Topic 1 Hardwire and micro programmed control unit, Unit C Topic 2 Micro-programming Instruction Format. Unit C Topic 3 Micro-programming Sequencer, Horizontal and vertical Micro-Programming. Unit D Processor Organization Unit D Topic 1 Unit D Topic 2 Instruction cycle a n d sub cycles (fetch and e x e c u t e etc), interrupt: Types and cycle. General register organization,stack organization Unit D Topic 3 Addressing modes,Instructiontypes, formats, RISC/CISC Unit E Memory and I/O Unit E Topic 1 RAM/ROM/Flash memory, designing memory system using RAM and ROM chips Unit E Topic 2 Cache memory: Memory hierarchy, performance Considerations, mapping techniques Input Output: Isolated I/O vs. memory mapped I/O, Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O, DMA Unit E Topic 3 Text Book “Computer system architecture”, Morris M. Mano, Prentice-Hall Generation Of Computer First Generation (1950’s) The vacuum tubes were used in the circuits of these Computers. The input and output operations were done using punched card technology. For external storage, magnetic tapes were used. The machine was capable to do one job at a time, therefore batch processing was adopted. The language used by these computers was machine language and assembly language. Example of Computers: UNIVAC, IBM 650 etc Vacuum tubes Magnetic Tapes Second Generation (1960’s) Transistors were used in the circuits. The input operations were performed using punched cards and magnetic tapes and for output operations, punched cards and papers were used. For external storage, magnetic tapes were used. The orientation was towards multiple users i.e. the machine was capable to process multiple tasks concurrently. The high level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC etc. were used as the languages by the computer. Example of Computers: IBM 1400 and 7000 series, General Electric 635 etc Transistors Third Generation (1970’s) Integrated circuits replaced transistors. In spite of their smaller size they were capable to perform better than transistors. For data input and output operations monitors and keyboards replaced the punched cards. For external storage, magnetic tapes were used. Sophisticated operating systems, which were capable of handling several jobs concurrently were used. More advanced high level languages like PASCAL were used. Example of computers: IBM System Integrated Circuits Fourth Generation (1980’s) The circuits used VLSI and microprocessors of virtually microscopic size, which led to drastic cut on the size of computer. The input output devices were the same monitors, keyboard, printer etc Micro computers have evolved. Magnetic disks were the primary devices used for external storage The application software for micro computer essentially became popular in this generation. Example of computers: IBM Systems VLSI and Microprocessor Fifth Generation (late 1990’s) The computers of this generation use optic fiber technology to handle Artificial Intelligence. These computers have capacity to think and reason which can be used to solve problems where human intelligence is required. Expert Systems are examples of systems implementing Artificial Intelligence (AI). Terms related to Digital Computer Computer Organization: Computer organization is concerned with the way the hardware components operate and the way they are connected together to form computer system. Computer Architecture is concerned with the structure and behavior of the computer as seen by the user. It includes information formats , Instruction set and techniques for addressing memory.