Transcript Dave Mauzy
Dave Mauzy Artificial Intelligence Some Basic Definitions Intelligence Sentience Sapience Artificial Intelligence Dave Mauzy Intelligence “Intelligence is what you use when you don't know what to do. “ – Jean Piaget • The ability to acquire and apply Knowledge… the ability to learn and use that learned knowledge. Dave Mauzy Sentience • The ability to sense the world and react to those sensations. To feel and perceive but not necessarily apperception of self-awareness. • Plants that sense sunlight and react by initiating photosynthesis could be termed to be sentient, however there is debate when it comes to autonomic systems and whether this term covers them. • Microbial life reacts to external stimulus and by the time we get to higher creatures more varied, complex and willful responses to external stimuli become apparent. Dave Mauzy Sapience • • The ability to act with willful intelligence. Self-awareness. Apperception, the ability to perceive and relate it to past experience. sapience n : ability to apply knowledge or experience or understanding or common sense and insight -----dict.die.net/sapience/ Dave Mauzy Artificial Intelligence • • Multidisciplinary Linguistics, Philosophy, Neuroscience Psychology, Biology, Mathematics, and Logic. • "The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men" ---Marvin Minsky • • "The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models“ -Eugene Charniak "The study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent” - Patrick H. Winston The Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially computer programs as well as using computers to help understand human intelligence. It does not have to use methods that are biologically observable. Dave Mauzy A Brief History of A.I. • • • • • John McCarthy coined the term in a 1956 conference, but the ideas behind this study trace back to at least René Descartes and his ideas that animals were nothing but biological Machines. The Analytic Machine – Digital Calculating Machine – ---Blaise Pascal(1642) Norbert Wiener – feedback Theory (50s) 1963 – MIT grant from DARPA for advancements in Machine Aided Cognition to ensure US leading USSR in technologies advancement. 70s – AI diversifies into the many forms of studies, most of which have remained as the various fields within the study. Still mostly govt contract businesses. Dave Mauzy A Brief History of A.I. • 80s – AI research moves out to private companies as computers begin to become ubiquitous in homes. • Laws of Robotics – Asimov • 1st Law - A robot may not injure a human being or, through • • • inaction, allow a human being to come to harm 2nd Law - A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3rd Law - A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. 0th Law - A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm Dave Mauzy Methodologies of A.I. 3 methodologies: Classical, Nouvelle and Socially Situated: Classical relies on heuristics to manage to control search, and requires the interaction of several modules none of which individually produce any kinds of behavior. These agents exist in a vacuum. Nouvelle relies on the emergence of more complex behavior through combining of simpler behaviors. These agents are designed to operate in and interact with an environment. -- Brooks Socially situated agents are designed to interact in an environment including other agents that are so designed to include the creator of the agents. --- Sengers(xxxx, 113) “An agent can only be evaluated with respect to its environment, which includes not only the objects with which it interacts but also the creators and observers of the agent.” Dave Mauzy Branches of A.I. Although there are many branches of AI studies and these merge and get redefined in continual evolution of the science, a synthesis of the main branches of AI are; • • • • • • • • • • • • Pattern Recognition Logical A.I. Representation Search Systems Inference Common Sense and Reasoning Learning from Experience Epistemology Planning Ontology Heuristics Genetic Programming Dave Mauzy A.I. Implementations • Expert Systems – Like MYCIN in 1974, which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments. It did better than medical students or practicing doctors, provided its limitations were observed. • • • Speech Recognition Understanding Natural Language Computer Vision • Heuristic Classification – a trial-and-error method of problem solving used when algorithmic approach is impractical • Game Play Dave Mauzy Conclusions • A.I. is not about simluating human intelligence. Although we don’t really have a model other than human intelligence on which to base this, and sometimes we can learn from having machines try to learn from observing humans, the more common work is being done in the area presenting machines with problems in the world that are presented to intelligence…. • Current A.I. Studies produce agents that lack a certain level of “aliveness” ---Sengers Dave Mauzy Bibliography • • • • • • • René Descartes - ~1619 : Animals are biological Machines Blaise Pascal – 1642: The Analytical Machine digital calculating machine Alan Turing. – Turing Test : If you converse with a computer and a human and can’t tell them apart. John McCarthy. – coined term in 1956 conference Joseph Weizenbaum – ELIZA – 1966, Rogerian Psychoanalysis Karl Simms – Genetic algorythms Pheobe Sengers – “Schizophrenia and Narrative”