Transcript 605451-Chap1-Part1(Dr-Hassan Tarawneh)

605451
Artificial Intelligence
Chapter 1 –Part 1
Artificial Intelligence
Dr.Hassan Al-Tarawneh
What you will learn::
• Knowledge about A.I
• Real things about A.I (no more moronic
+ movies thoughts)
• How weak we are ..compared to our
Creator.
My Expectation::
•
•
•
•
•
Always be prepared.
Read ..read. read…
Minimize absenteeism
Think beyond (no more spoon feeding)
Always submit your works!
A.I ?
“The Terminator III:
TX and T100”
“Artificial Intelligence”:
David
“Star Wars”: R2D2 & C3PO
“I,Robot”: NS5 Sunny
A.I ?
• Fictions ? ~ computer
program that wipes out
humanity, intelligent
robotics ?, movies (The
Terminator 3, I Robot,
HAL 2000 – The Space
Odyssey , AI, ..), Artificial
Insemination ?, or Avian
Influenza?
• Bunch of academia
works ~ who cares?
• Being God?
• Artificial (a:tfiil) 
“made or produced by
man in imitation of
something natural”.
• Intelligence
(/intelid3entsie) 
“power of learning,
understanding &
reasoning + mental
ability”
A.I : for dummies!
• John McCarthy (1956) “a mechanical system
capable to perform actions for human deemed to be
intelligent”
• Elaine Rich (1991) “the science of how to make
computer/machine do things, at this moment, human
do better”
• Michael Negbevitsky (2002) “in which we consider
what it means to be intelligent and whether
machines could be such a thing”
• Azizi Ab Aziz (2002) “inspired by nature, engineered
by us”
AI: The Past
• Greek philosophers - Plato (428-248 BC), Aristotle
(384-322 BC), Diogenes (400-325 BC)  logics,
philosophy of mind.
• Muslim mathematician – Al-Khawarizmi (800-840)
work in algorithm and algebra.
• Descartes (1596-1650), Leibniz (1646-1716), Kant
(1724-1804) works in conceptual and philosophy in
intelligence.
• Babbage (1792-1871) works in Difference Engine,
and Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) ~ first programmer!
AI: The Birth
• McCulloch and Pitts (1943)  neural computation “a
logical calculus for the ideas of immanent in nervous
activity”.
• Turing (1950)  The Turing Test : “Computing
Machinery and Intelligence”
• Shannon (1950)  “The Chess Playing Computer”
• Dartmouth Conference (1956)  coined the term of
“Artificial Intelligence” : Father of AI  John
McCarthy.
• Newell and Simon (1956)  General Problem
Solver.
• Cancellation of machine translation project by US
government (1969)
AI: The Renaissance
• The emergence of knowledge based system @
expert systems (1969-1980)  DENDRAL,
MYCIN & … etc!
• The birth of artificial neural networks (1986present)
• The birth of genetic algorithm (Holland, 1972;
Schewfel, 1995)
• The emergence of intelligent agents, swarm
intelligence (1995 – present)
• Chess playing computer – Deep Blue II beats
Kasparov (1997)
• Sociable and Affective Computing (1997 –present)
AI: The Fundamental
Artificial
Intelligence
Augmentation
of Human Abilities
•Engineering, mathematics,
economics, computer science,
operational research.
Understand Human
Mind
•Cognitive science,
developmental psychology,
linguistic, philosophy.
Augmenting Human
Abilities
• To develop intelligent
system that capable to
diagnose, to recognize, to
predict, to reason, …..etc
(as human counterparts)
• Example: biometrics,
speech recognition,
decision support system,
image recognition, etc.
Power Transformer Fault
Detection
Car Plate Recognition System
Understanding Human
Mind
• To model how our mind
works. – for better humanmachine interaction,
understand mental related
disorder, coordination.
• E.g: humanoid COG from
AI Lab MIT, Infanoid from
Japan.
INFANOID: to understand
infant-adult interaction
COG: to understand human
social interaction
AI: The Essences
• Reasoning, pattern recognition, learning or some
other form of inference.
• Focus on problems which is non-algorithmic
(heuristics).
• Attempt to deal with semantic meaning @
syntactic form.
• Answer that are neither exact / optimal form ~
sense of sufficient.
• Using meta-knowledge to solve problem.
Artificial Intelligence
“Branch of computer science that studies
the human thinking process, and to
imitiate and represent the process into
computer programs“
14
How do we classify research as
AI?
Does it emulate
the brain?
Does it
investigate
the brain?
Is it
intelligent?
Does it
investigate
intelligence?
If we don’t know how
it works, then it’s AI.
When we find out
how it works, it’s not
AI anymore…
15
Branches of AI
Machine Learning
Automatic
Programming
Speech Understanding
Robotic
Natural Language
Processing
Game Playing
Neural Network
Expert System
Fuzzy Logic
Intelligent Tutor
Genetic Algorithm
Computer Vision
AI
Tree
Linguistics
Computer Science
Psychology
Philosophy
Management &
Management Science
Electrical Engineering
16
Applications using AI
www.google.com
MS Word +
office assistant
Asimo
Hotmail junk
mail filtering
17
Samsung fuzzy
logic washing
machine
Daily Applications
• GOOGLE : self-organizing searching engine
(web mining).
• Microsoft Word: office assistant (intelligent
agent + decision theoretic reasoning), spelling
checker (natural language processing).
• Washing Machine: automated setting (neural
networks and fuzzy logic).
• Digital camera (Sony) with DVD burner: image
stabilizer (neural networks and fuzzy logic).
• Hotmail, Yahoo e-mail spam filtering: data
mining.
Daily Applications
www.google.com
MS Word + office
assistant
Hotmail junk mail
filtering
Samsung fuzzy logic
washing machine
Suggested Reading
• Russell and Norvig (2003). Artificial Intelligence: A
Modern Approach 2nd Edition, Pearson Education,
pp. 1-30.
• McCarthy, J. (2004). Retrieved from internet:
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html
• Luger, G. (2005). Artificial Intelligence: Structures
and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving,
Addison-Wesley, pp. 1-30.
• “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” – A
Quarterly Review of Philosophy and Psychology.
Retrieved from:http://www.abelard.org/turpap/turpap.htm