Transcript ppt
Biswanath Patel
Gaurav Bubna
Amit Gupta
Swapnesh Garg
Chandra Mohan Meena
Introduction
Definition of Intelligence.
Turing’s solution.
“Machine Learning”
Views from many disciplines.
Controversial – Extreme reactions.
“Cornerstone” of AI research.
Outline
Turing’s original 1950 paper – Addressed objections.
Subsequent discussion over the years.
Modifications to the Imitation Game.
Present state of research – Loebner prize.
State-of-the-art – CAPTCHA.
The Imitation Game
The oft-repeated question –
Can machines “think”?
Turing’s version – “Can machines
play the imitation game?”.
Focus on intellectual capacity
Does not limit thinking to specific
tasks - any topic possible.
Initial objections & refutations
The Theological Objection
The Mathematical Objection
Various Disabilities
Continuity of the human nervous system
Informality of Behaviour arguments
Extra-sensory perception – intuition, telepathy
Later discussions (Chronological)
(1) Gunderson (1964)
‘Part of what things do is how they do it’.
The classic example – Birds vs airplanes.
“In the end, the steam drill outlasted John Henry as a
digger of railway tunnels, but that didn’t prove the machine
had muscles; it proved that muscles were not needed for
digging railway tunnels.”
Other discussions
(2) Searle’s Chinese Room (1980)
Mind's role in intelligence.
(3) Michie (1996)
"How do you pronounce the plurals of the imaginary
English words ‘platch’, ‘snorp’ and ‘brell’?" (‘platchez’,
‘snorpss’ and ‘brellz’.)
Other discussions (contd.)
(4) Ted Block (1995)
All possible sensible conversations stored - The set of
strings constituting such conversations that can be
carried out in a fixed amount of time are finite and
thus can be enumerated.
Simple “lookup and write-out”- just sophisticated
information processing.
Variants of the Turing Test
Total Turing Test (TTT) –
“Robotic” in addition to linguistic capabilities.
Chimpanzee
Totally Total Turing Test (TTTT) –
“Neuromolecular Indistinguishability”
Kugel Test (KT).
Application in addition to learning.
Inverted Turing Test (ITT).
Truly Total Turing Test (TRTTT).
Evolution of machines.
“Types” and “tokens”
Graphics Turing Test
Subjects interact with real or computer generated
scene.
Judge determines if real or not.
If the judge is unable to do so, computer passes the
test.
Interactive Cinema
When watching a movie, one wishes it turned out
differently.
Plug in a laptop, make movie on the fly.
Similar to video games.
Each frame requires 2 hrs on 2.4 GHz Pentium
processor. At 30 fps, 2 hr movie – 216,000 computers’
power required – so present computational capability
is under equipped.
State-of-the-art
“By the year 2000 it would be feasible to write a
program that would, after five minutes of questioning,
have at least a 30% chance of fooling an average
conversational partner into believing it was a human
being” – Turing
Loebner Prize –
• $3000 – Best in the year.
• $25,000 – A text-only test.
• $ 100,000 – The final prize
ELIZA
Joseph Weizenbaum, MIT, 1964-1966.
Simulates a psychotherapist. Urges user to continue
talking.
Simple parsing to recognize keywords.
Pattern matching and substitution.
ALICE
Richard Wallace. (1995)
3 times winner of Loebner prize.
Uses AIML (XML driven open source AI language)
Supervised learning.
“Stateless conversation”
CAPTCHA
Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell
Computer and Humans Apart.
Poll Results, Email registrations, etc
Types of Captcha
Visual Captcha
Audio Captcha
Break a Captcha
To Break down a visual captcha we have three steps:
Background Subtraction
Segmentation
Recognition
Captcha’s like this have been solved
Conclusion
Helps advance the state of AI.
Summary of the Turing Test – A new interpretation of
intelligence independent of computation.
Fermat’s Last Theorem – “Better late than never”. A similar
case?
Moravec’s Paradox – Chasing after the wrong thing?
A new paradigm of AI research – future direction?
References
1) A. M. Turing. "Computing machinery and intelligence", MIND - A QUARTERLY REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY AND
PHILOSOPHY {p.433} [VOL. LIX. No.236.] [October, 1950]
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/
3) "Turing Test: 50 Years Later". AYSE PINAR SAYGIN , ILYAS CICEKLI & VAROL AKMAN. Minds and Machines 10:
463–518, 2000.© 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
4) Harnad, S. (1991) "Other bodies, Other minds: A machine incarnation of an old philosophical problem", Minds and
Machines 1: 43-54. Copyright 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers
5)Gunderson, K. (1964), ‘The Imitation Game’, Mind 73 pp. 234–245.
6) Hofstadter, D.R. (1982), ‘The Turing Test: A Coffee-House Conversation’, in D. Hofstadter and D. Dennett, eds. The
Mind’s I: Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul, London, UK: Penguin Books, pp. 69–95.
7) AIML : http://www.alicebot.org/TR/2001/WD-aiml/
8) Book : The Anatomy of A.L.I.C.E., Dr. Richard S. Wallace, A.L.I.C.E. Artificial Intelligence Foundation, Inc., 1995.
9) arXiv:cs/0603132v1 [cs.GR] 31 Mar 2006 Graphics Turing Test. Michael McGuigan Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton NY 11973, [email protected]