Transcript Click Here for Lecture IV (PowerPoint) "Evidence of Evolution"

Lecture IV:
Evidence of
Evolution
By Dr. Rick Woodward
4/1/2016
1
Evidence of Evolution
Today’s Agenda
-Journal Question:
a. What type of electronic device do you
own?
b. What is it used for?
c. Did this electronic device exist ten years
ago?
d. What is Moore’s Law?
e. What is Artificial Intelligence?
f. What does the term “Evolution” mean?
*1. Lecture IV: Evidence of Evolution &
Genetics and Living Forever –Slide 65
4/1/2016
2
The iPhone
A. Currently there are 90 million iPhones
Source: Wired Magazine March 2011
4/1/2016
3
What have you learned so
far from my class?
1. Organelles of the Cell
2. Genetics: DNA & The Structure of a
Chromosome.
3. Telomeres & Telomerase.
4. Nanotechnology.
5. Putting it all together: Man versus
Machine 2045.
6. Darwin’s Definition of Evolution: Descent
with Modification .
7. Applying to Colleges “Accreditation”
4/1/2016
4
Exponential Growth
(Evolution) in
Computing Power
4/1/2016
A. Computer technology advances
continue to increase exponentially.
B. Moore’s Law states that the
number of transistors you can
put on a microchip doubles
about every two years.
C. Charles Babbage’s Analytical
Engine (Computer) -1871
-First fully automatic calculating
machine
5
Exponential Growth
(Evolution) in
Computing Power
D. Colossus Computer
(The world’s first
programmable digital
computer: 1943) -Helped the
British crack German codes
during WWII (Ten Colossi
were used by the end of the
war)
4/1/2016
6
Exponential Growth
(Evolution) in
Computing Power
E. UNIVAC 1 (Compact) Used to
tabulate the U.S. Census 1950’s
(1) The UNIVAC 1 had only 1,000
words of memory, each word
containing 12 decimal digits, and
each digit being 7 binary bits.
4/1/2016
7
Exponential Growth (Evolution)
in Computing Power
F. Apple II: Was one of the first
massively popular personal
computers.
(1) What was I doing?? ComputerTutor
Camp at Stanford University.
4/1/2016
8
Exponential Growth (Evolution)
in Computing Power
G. Power Mac G4: The first
personal computer to deliver
more than 1 billion floating-point
operations per second.
4/1/2016
9
Exponential Growth
(Evolution) in
Computing Power
H. We have gone from
Electromechanical to Relays to
Vacuum Tubes to Transistors to
Integrated Circuits
(1) Do you recall nanotechnology?
(2) This is the evolution of
technology.
4/1/2016
10
Exponential Growth
(Evolution) in
Computing Power
I. Nvidia Tesla (GPU & PC)
J. It is believed that by the mid
2020’s the engineering of the
human brain will be complete.
H. Artificial Intelligence
combined with genetics and
nanotechnology will be on
the forefront of biotechnology.
4/1/2016
11
Exponential Growth (Evolution)
in Computing Power
K. Given the vast increases in computing
power, the quantity of artificial intelligence
created will be about a billion times the sum
of all human intelligence that exists today.
(1) Refer back to Watson (an artificial
intelligence computer system capable of
answering questions posed in natural
language) on Jeopardy (2011). This
computer did the work of 28,000 computers.
Watson was not connected to the Internet
during the game.
4/1/2016
12
Singularity
A. Hypothesis about the future of
life on Earth as it relates to
advances in technology.
B. Singularity University hosted by
NASA
C. The term singularity is borrowed
from astrophysics: It refers to a
point in space-time. For
example, inside a black hole –
where the rules of ordinary
physics do not apply.
4/1/2016
13
Singularity
4/1/2016
14
Combining advances in
Technology with Genetics
A. It is well known that one cause of
physical degeneration
associated with aging involves
telomeres, which are segments of
DNA found at the tips of
chromosomes.
4/1/2016
15
Combining Advances in
Technology with Genetics
B. Every time a cell divides
(mitosis), its telomeres get
shorter, and once a cell runs
out of telomeres, it can
reproduce anymore and it dies.
4/1/2016
16
Combining Advances in
Technology with Genetics
C. There is an enzyme that
called telomerase that
reverses the aging process.
4/1/2016
17
Combining Advances in
Technology with
Genetics
D. “Ground Breaking Study:
Scientists Reverse Aging in
Mice, with Telomerase”
-Professor of Genetics at Harvard
Medical School performed the
study (November 2010) –last year!
(After receiving the gene that activated
telomerase, however, the treated mice
showed surprising signs of rejuvenation
after just one month.)
4/1/2016
18
The Harvard Study 2010
4/1/2016
A. Biologist administered telomerase to
a group of mice suffering from agerelated degeneration.
B. All of the mice had atrophied organs
and testes, and small brains, among
other challenges. The mice were the
equivalent of 80-year-old humans,
and the researchers said they were
about to pass away.
C. The damage went away!
D. The mice didn’t just get better, they
got younger.
19
Activating Telomerase
4/1/2016
1. Recall the lecture on stress
and how chronic stress
plays a role in decreasing
telomere length.
2. Ways to increase telomerase
were to do community work
(helping others)
3. Other natural substances
such as resveratrol, gingko
and silymarin may also
20
activate telomeres.
What happens when you combine
biology, genetics, nanotechnology
and computer technology?
Super Intelligent Immortal
Cyborgs whose intelligence
surpasses the intellectual
capacity of humankind.
4/1/2016
21
Damn You Sharktopus
4/1/2016
22
February 23, 2011
(Wednesday)
4/1/2016
Today’s Real Agenda:
-Journal Questions
a. What is an ecotone?
b. What does acclimation mean?
*1. Lecture IV: Evidence of Evolution.
(Slide 44)
-Follow along with your packet.
2. Finish up you Biome Projects (5 min.)
and present on Friday.
3. Homework: Complete Study Guide
questions 1 – 25 for Exam I
4. Exam I: Tuesday (3/1): Study Guide
and Composition Books due.
23
The Theory of Evolution
A. Evolution means
change over time
or descent with
modification.
4/1/2016
24
Earth Evolution Timeline
4/1/2016
25
Theory of Evolution
B. Evidence of evolution:
1. Fossil Evidence
2. Comparative Anatomy
3. Embryology & Biochemistry
4. Genetic Evidence
5. Direct Observation
4/1/2016
26
1. Fossil Evidence of Evolution
A. Bones, parts of
an organism or
an entire
organism can be
preserved or
petrified.
B. Sometimes a
mold or cast of
an organism is
left in rock.
4/1/2016
27
1. Fossil Evidence of Evolution
C. Some organisms were
fossilized when they
became trapped and
quickly frozen in ice or
enclosed in amber.
D. Any such trace of an
organism that lived long
ago is called a fossil.
4/1/2016
28
Fossils - preserved evidence of previously living things
4/1/2016
29
1. Fossil Evidence Continued:
E. Fossils in the lower layers
of sedimentary rock are
older than those formed in
the upper layers
(superposition).
F. Often the layers of rock
can be dated by the types
of fossils they contain.
4/1/2016
30
1. Fossil Evidence Continued:
G. The types of fossil organisms
change from one layer to the
next. Thus, we can conclude
that life forms became more
complex over time.
4/1/2016
31
Fossil Evidence Continued:
H. The fossil record as a whole indicates
that organisms have changed over
time; they have evolved.
Mastodon --) Wooly Mammoths --) Elephant
4/1/2016
32
4/1/2016
33
A fossil whale with hind legs
4/1/2016
34
4/1/2016
35
4/1/2016
36
2. Comparative Anatomy Evidence
A. The study of structures from
different organisms is called
comparative anatomy.
B. Humans, Cats, Whales and Bats
share similar structures.
4/1/2016
37
Similarity among the limb bones of organisms that use them for
different purposes
4/1/2016
38
2. Comparative Anatomy Evidence
4/1/2016
C. Homologous Parts:
(1) Modified anatomical
structures among different
groups are called
homologous. They are often
similar in structure and either
have the same or a different
function.
(2) Example: Homologous
bones in forelimbs.
39
Homology - similarity caused by common ancestry
4/1/2016
40
4/1/2016
41
2. Comparative Anatomy Continued:
D. Vestigial Structures are
structures that have no
function in the living organism,
but may have been used in
ancestors.
4/1/2016
42
2. Comparative Anatomy Continued:
E. Examples of Vestigial
Structures: Caecum
of a horse, Caecum of
a human.
4/1/2016
-Larger in the horse;
used for digesting
tough, fibrous plant
material.
43
3. Embryology & Biochemistry
A. Scientists compare and
contrasts embryos, which
are the early stages of
developing plants and
animals.
4/1/2016
44
3. Embryology & Biochemistry
B. Comparative embryology
shows a number of
relationships not obvious in
the fully grown organism
4/1/2016
45
3. Embryology & Biochemistry
C. Example: While looking
under a microscope at a pig
and human embryo, they
both look very similar at this
stage of development.
4/1/2016
46
Evidence for evolution from comparative embryology
4/1/2016
Early embryos of diverse groups share many features. As development
proceeds, embryonic forms diverge and become more similar to adults of
their own species (von Baer’s law)
47
3. Embryology and
Biochemical
Comparisons
D. Biochemical comparisons show
the structure of hemoglobin
(sequence of amino acids) in a
chimpanzee strongly resembles
the structure of human
hemoglobin. –Studies in amino
acid sequencing.
4/1/2016
48
4/1/2016
49
Biochemical Comparisons
E. More similar DNA = More recent
common ancestor.
F. Compare DNA or Amino Acid
Sequences.
4/1/2016
50
4. Genetic Evidence
A. The mutation and duplication of
existing alleles can give rise to
new alleles or genes, and thus
to new proteins.
4/1/2016
51
4. Genetic Evidence
B. In addition, meiosis and
fertilization reshuffle
alleles.
C. With any breeding
group, or population of
organisms, there is a
constant change over
time.
4/1/2016
52
Sources of Natural
Variation
1. Mutation
2. Meiosis I crossing over
3. Meiosis I independent
assortment
4. Random fertilization
5. Changes in
chromosome structure
4/1/2016
53
4. Genetic Evidence
D. When the most desired traits are
selectively bred and passed down
to the offspring, this is called
selective breeding or artificial
selection. (i.e. barley, wheat)
4/1/2016
54
4. Genetic Evidence
E. Farmers, horticulturists, pet
breeders, and scientists still
use selective breeding to
improve domestic plant and
animal varieties (i.e. beef)
4/1/2016
55
Artificial selection
has produced
different, truebreeding varieties
of “fancy” pigeons
from a single
ancestral form
4/1/2016
56
The evolutionary process is sped
up through Artificial Selection
4/1/2016
57
4. Genetic Evidence
F. Examination of DNA
1. Analyze the base
sequences of DNA in genes
of one kind of organism.
4/1/2016
58
4. Genetic Evidence
2. i.e. Comparisons of DNA
nitrogen based sequences show
that chimpanzees are more
closely related to humans than
to gorillas or other apes.
4/1/2016
59
4. Genetic Evidence
Comparison of DNA
sequences confirm
that evolutionary
histories suggested
by fossils and
anatomy;
i.e. Chimps and
Humans share 99%
DNA with only a 1%
variation
4/1/2016
60
5. Direct Observation
4/1/2016
A. Rapid Evolution (Each
bacterial colony consists of
millions of cells)
1. The reaction of bacteria
to penicillin often results in
rapid evolutionary change.
2. When penicillin is added
to bacteria in a culture
dish, a clear zone forms
indicating death of the
bacteria in that zone.
61
5. Direct Observation
4/1/2016
3. Those few bacteria with
a gene for penicillin
resistance will survive
and go on to reproduce
(thus, the group of
bacteria has evolved)
4. The organisms that
continue to live and
reproduce after the change
in the environment are
adapted to the new
environment.
62
5. Direct Observation
B. Evolution causes health
problems
1. Penicillin-resistant
bacteria create a serious
health problem.
2. Bacteria cause many
diseases in humans and
animals.
4/1/2016
63
5. Direct Observation
3. On the average, each
bacterium in a colony will
divide (replicate) every 20
minutes, thus creating an
exponential number of
bacteria
4. Antibacterial drugs are
called antibiotics.
4/1/2016
64
Homework Questions
4/1/2016
1. What is the definition of evolution?
2. Describe the five types of evidence that support the
theory of evolution.
3. What is a fossil?
4. Where are older fossils found in sedimentary rock?
5. What do homologous structures refer to?
a. Give an example:
6. What do vestigial structures refer to?
a. Give an example:
7. What is an embryo?
8. Why do scientists look at embryos when discussing
the theory of evolution?
9. What significant biochemical comparisons support the
theory of evolution?
10. What does selective breeding (artificial selection)
refer to?
a. Give some examples:
11. Give an example through direct observation that
supports the theory of evolution.
65