Transcript Cognitive science

NURSING INFORMATICS
CHAPTER 3
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INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE
SCIENCE
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
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 Describe cognitive science.
 Assess how our minds process and generate
information and knowledge.
 Explore cognitive informatics.
 Examine artificial intelligence (AI) and its
relationship to cognitive science and computer
science.
CHAPTER INTRODUCTION
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 Cognitive science is one of the basic building
blocks used to understand informatics.
 It was only 50 years ago that computer operations
and actions were linked to cognitive science,
theories of the mind, intellect or brain.
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The applications of cognitive science to NI
include:
 Problem solving
 Decision support systems
 Usability issues
 User-centered interfaces and systems
 Development and use of terminologies
Cognitive Science
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 Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary field that
studies the mind intelligence and behavior from an
information processing perspective.
 Cognitive science is the study of the mind and
how information is processed in the mind
 The mind is frequently compared to a computer
and experts in computer science strive to
understand how the mind processes data and
information while experts in cognitive science
attempt to model human thinking using artificial
networks provided by computers.
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 Cognitive science provides the scaffolding for the
analysis and modeling of complicated, multifaceted
human performance and therefore has a
tremendous affect on the issues impacting
informatics.
Sources of Knowledge
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 Empiricists do not recognize innate (the inborn, the
instinctive, the intrinsic) knowledge
 Rationalists believe that reason is more essential
in the acquisition of knowledge than the senses.
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There are three sources of knowledge:
1. Instinct: It is when you react without reason
such as when a car is heading toward you and
you jump out of the way instinctively.
2. Reason: “Collects facts, generalizes, reasons
out from cause to effect, from effect to cause,
from premises to conclusions, from
propositions to proofs”.
3. Intuition: A way of acquiring knowledge that
cannot be obtained by inference, deduction,
observation, reason analysis or experience.
Nature of Knowledge
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 Epistemology is the study of the nature and origin of
knowledge (what it means to know)
 Knowledge is defined as the awareness and understanding
of a set of information and ways that information can be
made useful to support a specific task or arrive at a
decision; it abounds with others’ thoughts and information
or is information that is synthesized so that relationships
are identified and formalized.
Knowledge/Wisdom & Decision Making
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 The whole point in collecting and building data,
information, and knowledge is to be able to make
informed, cautious, wise and intelligent decisions.
 The decision making process revolves around
knowledge and wisdom.
 It is through our efforts to understand the nature of
knowledge and its evolution to wisdom that we can
conceive of, build and implement informatics tools
that enhance and mimic our mind’s processes to
facilitate decision making and job performance.
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Intelligence: Mental ability to think logically, reason,
prepare, ideate, assess alternative solutions to problems,
problem solve by choosing a proposed solution, think
abstractly, comprehend and grasp ideas, understand and
use language, and learn
Logic: A science that deals with the principles and criteria
of validity of inference and demonstration: the science of
the formal principles of reasoning; Acquiring knowledge
through logic requires reasoned action to make valid
inferences.
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Memory: Data stored in digital format; generally
refers to random access memory (RAM).
Perception: The process of acquiring knowledge
about our environment or situation by obtaining,
interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory
information from seeing, hearing, touching, tasting
and smelling; Sensory experience foundational to
formulating knowledge.
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Reasoning: Way of thinking, calculating,
interpreting, or introspectively rethinking, or
critically thinking, through an issue; reflective
thought to reason or think through one's ideas and
alternatives.
Cognitive Informatics
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 Computing and informatics theories can be applied to help
understand the information processing of the brain
 Cognitive and neurological sciences can likewise be
applied to build better and more efficient computer
processing systems.
 Cognitive Information attempts to help bridge this gap by
systematically exploring the mechanisms of the brain and
mind and exploring specifically how information is acquired,
represented, remembered, retrieved, generated, and
communicated.
Artificial Intelligence
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 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the field that deals with
the conception, development and implementation
of informatics tools based on intelligent
technologies.
 The challenge of this field rests in the capturing,
mimicking and creating the complex processes of
the mind in our informatics tools including
software, hardware and other machine
technologies with the goal of the tool to be able to
initiate and generate its own mechanical thought
processing.
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 The brain’s processing is highly complicated.
 AI uses cognitive science and computer science to
replicate and generate human intelligence
 This field will continue to evolve and produce
artificially intelligent tools to enhance our personal
and professional lives.