Transcript Affective-Computing

Affective Computing
Lecture 5:
Dr. Mark Brosnan
2 South: [email protected]
Picard (1997)
• Affective Computing: Computing that
relates to, arises from, or deliberately
influences emotions (p.3)
• Recognise emotions
• Express emotions
• ‘Have’ emotions
Is Mr. Spock intelligent?
• Spock is only rational
• Descarte’s Error (Damasio, 1994)
• Elliot searches unlimited search space to
make a rational decision
• Missing ‘somatic markers’ that associate
feelings with decisions
Artificial Intelligence?
•
•
•
•
AI is like Elliot
Turing Test (1950; French 2000)
Jabberwacky.com
Emotion is required for artificial
intelligence (Hofstadter, 1981)
• Emotional Intelligence?
Affective communication
•
•
•
•
Social rules extended to computers
Media Equation (Reeves and Nass, 1996)
Anthropomorphism
Mechanomorphism
Recognise Emotions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vision to recognise facial expression
Multimodal
GSR – polygraph
Which emotion: happiness, guilt
‘Emotional Turing test’
Person dependent
Person independent
Criteria for recognition
• Input
• Pattern recognition
• Reasoning
• Learning
• Bias
• Output
Express emotions
• Kismet (Breazeal and Scassellati, 2002)
• Emotional expression for communication
and social co-ordination
• Emotion for organisation of behaviour
(action selection, attention and learning)
• Arbib and Fellous (2004)
http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/
kismet/kismet.html
• More effective expression than humans
• Human expression identified 50% of the
time
• Computer expression identified 70% of the
time
• (Elliott, 1997)
• Computers having non-human emotion?
Criteria for expression
• Input
• Intentional vs.
spontaneous pathways
• Feedback
• Bias exclusion
• Social display rules
• Output
Have emotions
• Can machines feel?
• How would we know?
Criteria for having emotions
• System has behaviour that appears to arise
from emotions
• System has fast ‘primary’ emotional
responses to certain inputs
• System can cognitively generate emotions
• System can have emotional experience
• System’s emotions interact with other
processes (e.g. memory)
Do computers need bodies to
have emotions?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Robot emotions? Arbib (2005)
Recognition of own emotion
Recognition of other computer’s emotions
Consciousness?
Real or simulation?
Sci Fi: 2001!
Design questions
• 1. Should computers be allowed to keep
their emotions from their designers?
• 2. Should what is considered good and bad
be hard-wired or learned?
• 3. Should a computers mood be affected by
others’ moods?
• 4. Do computers need negative emotions,
anger, fear, misery?
Interacting with Computers
Special Issue (2002, 14(2))
Affective Computing
Scheirer et al. (2002)
• Frustration
• Slow computer game
• Mouse clicking behaviour
Klein and Picard (2002)
•
•
•
•
•
•
This computer responds to user frustration
Affect-support agent
Text and buttons in a GUI
Demonstrate empathy to support user
Control 1: Emotions ignored
Control 2: Vent frustration
Experiment
•
•
•
•
Game 1
Agent intervention
Game 2
Affect support agent lead to greater
involvement in longer play with Game 2
Picard and Klein (2002)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Emotion skill needs:
Emotional self awareness
Manage emotions
Self-motivate
Affect perception
Empathy
Experiential emotional needs
Hone (2006)
• Empathetic agents more effective
• Embodied
• Female embodied agents more effective
Tractinsky (2004)
• Affective HCI is difficult to study
• Affective HCI is hard to do
• Design interactive technologies that help
users help themselves
Muller (2004)
• 2 Criticisms:
• Computers Are Social Actors (CASA)?
• Other technologies are anthropomorphised
too (boats, cars, toys etc)
• Need to better understand emotions
Artefact:
• Potential course work idea is to analyse the
affective nature of a piece of technology
• Or to investigate agent mediation of
affective states
• Or evaluate the impact of emoticons
• Frustrate users and see what happens!
References:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Journals:
Interacting with Computers
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Both available on line
Book:
Picard, R. (1997) Affective Computing.
MIT Press.
In Future:
• Develop an understanding of anxiety,
specifically computer-related anxiety
• Develop an understanding of emotion and
the neuropsychology of HCI