Transcript Technologie et la notion de la vie ーEnhancement et la dignitéー

Technologie et la notion de la vie
Yoshimi KAKIMOTO
Osaka-Sangyo University
Contents of this presentation
1. The rules of the robotics and artificial intelligence
1. « Three rules of Robot » by Asimov
2. Turing test and the brain in a vat
2. Robotics and human body
1. Recuperation and enhancement
2. Robot technology and the extension of human body
3. The technology changes our notion of Life
1. Our understanding on image on ideal human
2. Technology and the notion of human
Conclusion
« Tout progrès technique comporte trois sortes d’effets :
les effets voulus, les effets prévisibles, les effets imprévisibles. »
Jacques Ellul, Le bluff technologique
1. The rules of the robotics and
artificial intelligence
1. « Three rules of Robot » by Asimov
“Now, look, let’s start with the three fundamental Rules of Robotics – the
three rules that are built most deeply into a robot’s positronic brain.’’
In the darkness, his gloved fingers ticked off each point.
“We have: One, a robot may not injure a human being, or through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.”
“Right.”
“Two,” continued Powell, “a robot must obey the orders given it by
human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First
Law.”
“Right!”
“And three, a robot must protects its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.”
- Runaround(1941), in The complete Robot, Grafton, 1983
Image of automata
The original idea of automata had been created in
ancient age:
- In the ancient Greek, a robot cart in the theater
was constructed;
- Leonardo Da Vinci sketched the oldest idea of
humanoid Robot around 1495;
- In Japan, period of Edo, people had amused to
create the automata in order to bring the tea and
so on;
Naissance of the word ‘‘Robot’’
In R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robots),
Karel Capek presented the Robot which was made
from the word ‘‘hard work’’ of Czech.
image of the robot which is made in order to the
human utility but in another hand, which may
become harmful existence to human being.
Asimov’s three fundamental rules of Robot
Rules on the studies of Robotics
AIBO’s research rules:
1. Robot cannot harm to human beings and can run
away from the existence which harms it;
2. Robot should be affective to the human being but
some times, it permits to the robot to take the
rebellious attitudes toward the human being;
3. Robot must listen the compliments and the lament of
human being, but in some times, the robot can
conduct offensively.
The rules for the AIBO as a companion robot
Rules on the studies of Robotics
Chiba University made the charters on the studies of
Robotics(Charter of Chiba University regarding the
education and the studies on technologies of
artificial intelligence robot).
1. (rule on ethics) This charter concerns the ethics of
everyone who commit to education and studies of
artificial intelligence robot;
2. (use on the commercial purpose) The researchers
can do them only on the purpose of peaceful use;
3. (prevention of the unethical use) The resechers
must put the system to prevent the movements
against the ethics and the legality in the robot;
Rules on the studies of Robotics
4. (contribution of the educators and researchers)
All educators and researchers must not only
the Asimov’s three rules on robotics but also
all article of this chater;
5. (eternal obeying to this charter) Everyone in
Chiba University promise to obey this charter
after leaving this university.
But these days, the number of the research with
the foundation of the United States forces in
Japan has been increasing.
2. Turing test and the brain in a vat
What is the Turing test?
There are two persons(man and woman) and the
machine of artificial intelligence:
When he/she can not see the speakers and takes the
machine as human being, it is considered that it has the
intelligence.
Turing’s question is:
« Machine can think? »
And ours:
What is the triteria to consider an existence as the
equivalent being to us?
Hypothesis of the brain in a vat by
Putnam
Supposing that all existence have only the brain
without the other part of body;
Stumulating the brain causes the impressions to
having some physical experiences;
But the brain rests in a vat which cannot move.
This hypothesis brings another point of view:
the brain with enhancement of machine.
2. Robotics and human body
1. Recuperation and enhanment
In which context the word « enhancement » we use?
- Often in the sense of « genetic enhancement »
ex.Designer Baby
- In the sense of the physical faculty enhancement
ex. dopage of the sports player
- In the sense of the physical enhancement
ex. dopage of the auxesis to the patient child with the
diseases which caused the short stature
First and second one would be the pratices of eugenism, but
how about last one?
1. Recuperation and enhanment
Canguillem indicates that the pathological states is not
equal to the condition of the disease.
Disease is constructed by the social norms.
And the health becomes the norms of the condition of
human life.
« Guérir c’est se donner de nouvelles normes de vie,
parfois supérieures aux anciens»(158)
But what means « new norms of life better than ancient
life »?
2. Robot technology and the extension of
human body
The definition on “Cyborg” by Clynes and Kline:
“The cyborg deliberately exogenous components
extending the self-regulatory function of the
organism in order to adopt it to new
environments.”
People can put an instrument or an artificial organs
on the skin or in the body in order to supply the
organ in dysfunction.
A patient with Artificial heart is a cyborg?
Difference between the cyborg and robot
Necessity to differ the cyborg and the robot:
Robot can decide the action with the artificial
intelligence;
Cyborg is jointed with human body and augment the
physical or intellectual faculty.
Technology of Robotics is applied to the machines
which put on the body like the “power suits” HAL.
Pr. Kanamori calls the new type of life in the name
of “Bios Blindant”.
3. The techology changes our notion of Life
1. Our understanding on image on ideal human
The norm on the health is modified in the society
and influences on the notion of recuperation in the
medical treatment.
Ex. Development of the notion of the disability
For the children with hearing impairment, the
artificial hearing device becomes on of the
alternative – the signs with hand is recognized as
the another form of language in the Convention of
United Nations on the human rights of disabled
people in 2006.
What the medicine makes possible…
The development of medical technology contributes to make
the society with diversity.
If people has difficulty to live in the society because of the
impairment, use of the artificial device makes equal
condition to participate in the society.
But in the another hand,
The medical technology makes possible to gain the “perfect
body” or “perfect faculty” which one wishes.
Pr.Matsuda calls this type of medicine “wish-fulfilling
medicine”.
Development of the technology depends on the social
desire.
2. The technology and the notion of human
existence
- Technology has developed for the sake of the
human utility.
- But the technology makes possible at the same time
the desirable result and the undesirable result
which we cannot foresee at the moment of the
research.
In order to avoid the accidents by the robots and to
control them, people create the law of robotics.
What Asimov’s rules of robotics means…
At a glance, the rules of robotics seems to make in
order to control for the robot with own autonomy.
But when we think who has the responsibility,
especially the act liability, we look out that the
robot cannot become the subject of the act.
It will delay on the people who concern the
production.
Rules of the robot signify the responsibility of the
people who concern the production.
The robotics and the notion of human life
The robotics reflects the image of human being.
The artificial intelligence has been developed along with
the development of research on human cognitive
mechanism.
Understanding what we expect on robotics is the extension
of our cognition on ourselves.
But
In the society, people use the fruit of research on human
cognitive system as the theory which justifies the
theories of every person.
conclusion
- The technology itself is not the meaningless
science nor ideology.
- As the product of the society, the robotics will be
modified easily by the social and individual desire.
Thinking on the rules of robotics means thinking on
the ethics of robotics.
The Ethics of robotics is connoted in the ethics of
our society on technology.
Merci de votre attention!