Transcript Chapter 13: Advances in Computing

Advances in Computing
Chapter 13
Multimedia, Artificial Intelligence,
and Intelligent Agents
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Overview
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Multimedia
Artificial intelligence
Intelligent agents
Information filtering
Avatars
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Multimedia
• What are some
applications for
multimedia?
• What are some of the
jobs and activities in
this field?
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Business and Industry
• Decreasing costs in hardware
• Increasing ease of presentation software
– Microsoft PowerPoint, Harvard Graphics
• Kiosk increase
• Interactive catalogs, annual reports, safety
manuals, employee handbooks
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Education and Training
• Multimedia provides flexibility
• Learners retain about 20% of
what they hear, 40% of what
they see and hear, 75% of what
they see, hear, and do
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Education and Training
• Younger children
– provides class discussions, assists in student
research, promotes team work
• Older learners
– promotes participation, allows user over control
over pace
• Courseware
– adults determine when and where they access
training
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Entertainment and Games
• The entertainment industry has had the
greatest commercial success in multimedia
• Games have been the largest success
• Edutainment also done well
– educational/entertainment
– Random House/Brøderbund Living Book
Series
• Games used in training executives
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The Multimedia Computer
• Most PCs today are
multimedia-capable
• A standard called MPC
Classification has been
published by the
Multimedia PC
Marketing Council
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MPC Classification
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Pentium (or equivalent) minimum 75 MHz CPU
8 MB of RAM, optimally 32-64 MB
540 MB hard disk with 500 MB available
3.5 inch, high density floppy disk drive
4X CD-ROM drive with 600 Kbps data transfer
16-bit wavetable sound card with MIDI playback and
speakers
VGA graphics card with 8-bit (256) colors
MPEG video playback
101-key keyboard and two-button mouse
I/O ports for MIDI, serial, parallel, and joystick
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Adding Multimedia Content
• Requires more advanced equipment
– specialized input devices including:
• scanner
• video capture card
• record to CD capability such as CD-R, CD-RW, or
removable media that can be sent to a service bureau
for CD mastering
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Creating Multimedia
• Complex process
• Stages
– pre production
– production
– post production
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Pre-Production Stage
• Program objectives
• Design
• Details
– audience analysis
– scripting writing
– storyboarding
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Production Stage
• Gathering content
– acquiring copyright and
licensing arrangements
– creating own media
contents
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Post-Production Stage
• Combining elements
• Meet overall design
objectives
• Meet program
objectives
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Multimedia Step 1
• Develop the project
specification
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statement of purpose
audience analysis
concept treatment
content requirements
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Multimedia Step 2
• Plan and budget your production
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calendar
resource schedule
financial budget
summary of equipment
staff requirements
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Multimedia Step 3
• Prepare a treatment and
storyboard
– written script
– visual outline
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Multimedia Step 4
• Design the user
interface
– finalize look and feel of
the presentation
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Multimedia Step 5
• Prepare a prototype or
working model
– interface with
• features
• concept implementation
• audience assumption
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Multimedia Step 6
• Acquire the content by
– converting
– purchasing
– producing media
elements
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Multimedia Step 7
• Author and program
the title
– assemble the media
elements
– build the
interactivity
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Multimedia Step 8
• Test and evaluate the title
to ensure
– consistency
– accuracy
– audience acceptance
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Multimedia Step 9
• Prepare the title for
distribution
– CD-ROM or DVD
– complete installation
instructions or
– setup program
– user documentation
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Acquiring Content
• Larger productions
have a database
management system
• Catalog and track
digital media elements
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Content Database
• Contains:
– file name and version control number
– description of contents, usage, and location in
the final production
– file format and specifications
– copyright, licensing, royalty information
– media service vendor’s name and address
– author developer, person responsible for
acquiring media
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Text
• Limit passages to less than
forty words
• East to read typefaces
• Large-size font
• Proofread to avoid on-screen
and spelling mistakes
• Can enter directly or import
from a text editor
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Vector-Based Graphics
• Draw or vector-based
– Adobe Illustrator
– CorelDraw
– set of instructions for drawing lines
on an invisible screen
– smaller than bit-mapped graphics
– cannot produce photo-quality images
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Bit-Mapped Graphics
• Bit-mapped, or raster-based
graphics
– scanning images or using
paint programs
– Adobe PhotoShop
– Paint Shop Pro
– the larger the image, the
longer it takes to display on
the screen
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Sound
• Audio is often the forgotten element
• Sound enhances enjoyment of the
production
• Sounds recorded by a process called
sampling
• Higher the sampling rate, the more
storage required, the better the
quality
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Animation
• Simple or complex
– icon bouncing around or virtual
walkthrough of a space
– use animation software for
complex sequencing
– assemble as in a flipbook
– commonly hire or contract out
an animator
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The Authoring Process
• Wide use of templates, prebuilt component
libraries, media catalogs
• Some procedural code will be required for
additional graphics, buttons, menus
• Closely resembles model for application
development
• Some tools for interactive presentations or
CBT, often Web-based
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Multimedia Presentation
Software
• Helps create
– multimedia slide shows
– animated business presentations
– informational kiosk applications
• Timeline-based
• Most include clip art, images
video clips
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Multimedia Authoring Software
• Full-feature authoring tools
– Macromedia Director, Quark
Immedia
– more control over media
elements, synchronization,
interactivity
– additional ability to capture
audience’s attention
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Multimedia CBT Authoring
Software
• 80% of authoring tools used for computerbased training
– AimTech IconAuthor, Asymetrix Toolbook,
Macromedia Authorware
• In addition to authoring, tools support
– high level of interactivity
– complex evaluation methods
– device handling
• More costly
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Career Opportunities in
Multimedia
• Producer/director
• Scriptwriter/content
expert
• Editor/proofreader
• Interface designer
• Artist/Illustrator
• Animator
• Audio technician
• Video technician
• Programmer
• Evaluator/tester
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Artificial Intelligence
• Also called AI
• A group of related technologies to develop
machines to emulate human-like qualities
• Aim to be able to communicate by speech
and hearing
• Robotics, natural language processing,
fuzzy logic, expert systems, neural network,
virtual reality
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Robotics and Perception Systems
• An automated device that performs
human-like functions
• All robots programmed
• Robots that emulate sight, hearing,
touch, smell, responding, are called
intelligent robots
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Natural Language Processing
• Natural language processing is the
study of ways for computers to
recognize and understand human
language
• Such processing can increase
productivity
• Vast amount of code means that
such processing needs an increase in
storage capacity to migrate to
smaller devices
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Fuzzy Logic
• Fuzzy logic is a method of dealing
with imprecise logic
• Involves probability and credibility
• Applied to increasing devices in the
workplace and daily life
– voice-recognition software
– menu-driven microwave ovens
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Expert System
• ES is a set of computer programs that
perform at the level of a human expert
• Applies rules and data to input questions or
problems that would otherwise require an
expert’s assistance
• Helps rather than replaces humans
• Accuracy depends on accurate data and
rules
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Major ES Components
• Knowledge base focusing on a specific
subject
• Knowledge base
– database of facts, information, beliefs,
assumptions, procedures for problem solving
• Inference engine
– controls search and produces conclusions
• User interface
– usually ability to ask questions and get answers
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Expert Systems at Work
• MYCIN
– diagnosis infectious diseases
• REBES or Residential Burglary Expert
– assists in detection in a crime scene
• XCON
– puts together best arrangement of components
for DEC
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Building an Expert System
• LISP, Prolog, or other system-building
software
• Usually run on large machines
• Some limited capability scale-down
systems
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Implication for Business
• Business not a science with strong rules and
heuristics
• Long-range planning
– ILPRS
• Project management
– IPPMS
• Cost is a factor in usage
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Neural Networks
• Human neural network
– neurons, nerve cells, connected by lattice called
axons
– Connections between axons called synapses
• Computer neural networks
– synapses replaced by electronic components
– nerve cells replaced by transistors
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Neural Network Functionality
• Network learns by finetuning its connections
• Requires large resource
commitment
• Used for medial, stock,
and automotive industry
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Genetic Algorithms
• Random mutation to improve
itself
• Use endless trial and error to
learn from experience
• Used from stock management to
airplane business
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Virtual Reality
• VR
• Headgear
– HMD: head mounted display
• Glove
• Software
• Simulators represent the
physical behavior of systems
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Intelligent Agents
• A computer program that performs task on
your behalf
• Electronic assistant
– performs secretarial duties
• examples include
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electronic secretaries
e-mail filters
electronic clipping services
Internet agents, including spiders, crawlers, and
robots
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Avatars
• A graphic image of a person on the screen
or a graphical impersonation of a computer
or computer process
• Impersonation
• To represent a process
– agents, characters, bots
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