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Specialized Business Information Systems Chapter 11 Chapter Agenda What is Artificial Intelligence? – Objective of AI – Characteristics of AI – Components of AI Chapter Agenda What are Expert Systems? – Characteristics & Components – Three factors in evaluating them. – Steps in developing them – Benefits Chapter Agenda What is Virtual Reality? – Definition – Examples Other special purpose systems The Nature of Intelligence 1. 2. 3. 4. Learn from experience & apply the knowledge Handle complex situations Solve problems when important information is missing Determine what is important The Nature of Intelligence 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. React quickly & correctly to new situations Understand visual images Process & manipulate symbols Be creative & imaginative Use heuristics Natural vs. Artificial Intelligence Attribute Natural Intelligence Artificial Intelligence Ability to use sensors or senses High Low Creativity or imagination High Low Learn from Experience High Low Ability of be adaptive High Low Afford the cost of acquiring intelligence High Low Natural vs. Artificial Intelligence Attribute Natural Artificial Intelligence Intelligence Use a variety of information sources High High ability to acquire large amounts of external info. High High Complex calculations Low High Transfer information Low High rapid, accurate calculations Low High Branches of Artificial Intelligence Branches of Artificial Intelligence Data Mining Machine Learning Support Vector Machines An Overview of Expert Systems Characteristics of an Expert System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions Can display “intelligent” behavior Can draw conclusions from complex relationships Can provide portable knowledge Can deal with uncertainty Not widely used or tested Characteristics of an Expert System 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Limited to relatively narrow problems Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge Possibility of error Cannot refine its own knowledge May have high development costs Raise legal and ethical concerns Capabilities of Expert Systems When to Use Expert Systems High payoff Preserve scarce expertise Distribute expertise Provide more consistency than humans Faster solutions than humans – Rapid/Automated Decision Making Training expertise Knowledge Base (traditional) Assembling human experts The use of fuzzy logic The use of rules The use of cases Knowledge Base (Machine Learning & Data Mining Approach) Collect vast data Extracting or identifying patterns, trends, relationships Train an adaptive program or robot Test the program or robot Evaluate the results Knowledge Base The Use of Rules The Knowledge Acquisition Facility Components of an Expert System The explanation facility The knowledge acquisition facility The user interface Expert Systems Development Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems Domain Experts Recognize the real problem Develop a general framework for problem solving Formulate theories about the situation Develop and use general rules to solve a problem Know when to break the rules or general principles Solve problems quickly and efficiently Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques Expert Systems Development Alternatives Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence Credit granting and loan analysis Stock picking Catching cheats and terrorists Budgeting Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence Information management and retrieval Games Virus detection Hospitals and medical facilities Virtual Reality Virtual Reality Enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment Segway Interface Devices Head-mounted display (HMD) Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM) CAVE Haptic interface Forms of Virtual Reality Mouse-controlled navigation Stereo projection systems Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo glasses Useful Applications Medicine – used to link stroke patients to physical therapists Education and training – used by military for aircraft maintenance Entertainment – Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones Useful Applications Real Estate Marketing and Tourism – Used to increase real estate sales – Virtual reality tour of the White House Other Specialized Systems Segway Personal Transporter Adaptive brain interface technology Personal awareness assistant (PAA) Summary Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested decisions) and display intelligent behavior Virtual reality systems - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in new and exciting ways. For example, Segway