Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - Types of Artificial Intelligence

Types of Artificial Intelligence &
Pioneers in the Field
By Vernon Crowder
Strong A.I.
• John Searle coined the term
“Strong A.I.” in his article
"Minds, Brains, and Programs
(1980).“
• Searle says, “In strong AI,
because the programmed
computer has cognitive states,
the programs are not mere tools
that enable us to test
psychological explanations;
rather, the programs are
themselves the explanations.“
– http://www.ptproject.ilstu.edu/STR
ONGAI.HTM
Weak A.I.
• “Weak A.I.” are
machines that fake
human thought.
• An example of “Weak
A.I.” would be “Deep
Blue”. It calculates
60,000,000,000 moves
in 3 minutes.
– http://www.spectacle.org/cs
/bess2.html
Fuzzy Logic
• Fuzzy Logic is an attempt is
made to apply a more humanlike way of thinking in the
programming of computers.
• Fuzzy Logic has emerged as
a a profitable tool for the
controlling of subway
systems and complex
industrial processes, as well
as for household and
entertainment electronics.
– http://www.flll.unilinz.ac.at/pdw/fuzzy/introductio
n.html
Alan Turing
• Turing believed that if a
machine, it could do all
mathematical operations, it
could also do anything a
person can do.
• The Turing Test
– A person communicates with a
computer through a terminal, and when
the person is unable to decide whether
he is talking to a computer or another
person, the computer can safely be said
to possess characteristics of
intelligence.
• http://cgi.student.nada.kth.se/cgibin/d95-aeh/get/turing
Marvin Minsky
• Minsky has been working
on imparting the human
capacity for commonsense
reasoning to computers.
He is also seen as one of
the founders of the field of
A.I.
• Minsky has made many
contributions to AI.
– http://web.media.mit.edu/~
minsky/
Allen Newell
• The fields of artificial
intelligence and cognitive
science grew in part from his
idea that computers could
process symbols as well as
numbers, and if programmed
properly would be capable of
solving problems in the same
way humans do.
– http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/
frs122/newellobit.html
John Searle
• Searle says that it would
be possible (in
principle) to code the
human mind to a von
Neumann computer
which would give us a
mental machine.
– http://www.helsinki.fi/hu
m/kognitiotiede/searle.ht
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