Transcript Document

International Marketing
14th Edition
P h i l i p R. C a t e o r a
M a r y C. G i l l y
John L. Graham
Unit 3 Seminar
Dr. Bob Goldwasser
Culture,
Management Style,
and
Marketing Research
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
International Marketing 14/e
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Review of Unit 2
• How did it go? Questions or concerns?
• Instructor suggestions for Unit 3
Chapter 5: What Should You
Learn?
• The necessity for adapting to cultural differences
• How and why management styles vary around
the world
• The extent and implications of gender bias in
other countries
• The importance of cultural differences in
business ethics
• The differences between relationship-oriented
and information-oriented cultures
5-3
Global Perspective
Do Blondes Have More Fun in Japan?
• Culture, including all its elements, profoundly
affects management style and overall business
systems
– Max Weber (1930)
• Americans
– Individualists
• Japanese
– Consensus oriented & committed to the group
• Central & Southern Europeans
– Elitists and rank conscious
5-4
Global Perspective
Do Blondes Have More Fun in Japan?
• Knowledge of the management style existing in
a country and a willingness to accommodate the
differences are important to success in an
international market
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Business culture
Management values
Business methods
Behaviors
5-5
Required Adaptation
• Adaptation is a key concept in international
marketing
• Ten basic criteria for adaptation
1) open tolerance
2) flexibility
3) humility
4) justice/fairness
5) ability to adjust to varying tempos
6) curiosity/interest
7) knowledge of the country
8) liking for others
9) ability to command respect
10) ability to integrate oneself into the environment
5-6
Degree of Adaptation
• Essential to effective adaptation
– Awareness of one’s own culture and the
– Recognition that differences in others can cause anxiety,
frustration, and misunderstanding of the host’s intentions
• The self-reference criterion (SRC) is especially
operative in business customs
• The key to adaptation is to remain American but
to develop an understanding of and willingness
to accommodate the differences that exist
5-7
The Impact of American Culture
on Management Style
• “Master of destiny” viewpoint
• Independent enterprise as the instrument of
social action
• Personnel selection and reward based on merit
• Decisions based on objective analysis
• Wide sharing in decision making
• Never-ending quest for improvement
• Competition producing efficiency
5-8
Authority and Decision Making
• Influencers of the authority structure of business:
– High PDI Countries
►
Mexico, Malaysia
– Low PDI Countries
►
Denmark, Israel
• Three typical authority patterns:
– Top-level management decisions
– Decentralized decisions
– Committee or group decisions
5-9
Management Objectives
and Aspirations
• Security and mobility
– Relate directly to basic human motivation and therefore have
widespread economic and social implications
• Personal life
– Worldwide study of individual aspirations, (David McClelland)
• Affiliation and social acceptance
– In some countries, acceptance by neighbors and fellow workers
appears to be a predominant goal within business
• Power and achievement
– South American countries
5-10
Annual Hours Worked
Exhibit 5.1
5-11
Communication Styles
• Face-to-face communication
– Managers often fail to develop even a basic understanding of just one
other language
– Much business communication depends on implicit messages that are
not verbalized
• Internet communications
– Nothing about the Web will change the extent to which people identify
with their own language and cultures
►
►
78% of today’s Web site content is written in English
An English e-mail message cannot be understood by 35% of all Internet users
– Country-specific Web sites
– Web site should be examined for any symbols, icons, and other
nonverbal impressions that could convey and unwanted message
5-12
Formality and Tempo
• Breezy informality and haste characterize American
business relationships
• Europeans not necessarily “Americanized”
• Higher on Hofstede’s Power Distance Index (PDI)
– May lead to business misunderstandings
• Haste and impatience most common mistakes
– Middle East
• For maximum success marketers must deal with foreign
executives in acceptable ways
– Developing friendships
5-13
Contextual Background
of Various Countries
Exhibit 5.2
5-14
P-Time versus M-Time
• Monochronic time
– Tend to concentrate on one thing at a time
– Divide time into small units and are concerned with promptness
– Most low-context cultures operate on M-Time
• Polychronic time
– Dominant in high-context cultures
– Characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of many things
– Allows for relationships to build and context to be absorbed as parts of highcontext cultures
• Most cultures offer a mix of P-time and M-time behavior
– Have a tendency to be either more P-time or M-time in regard to the role
time plays
• As global markets expand more businesspeople from
P-time cultures are adapting to M-time.
5-15
Speed is Relative
Exhibit 5.3
5-16
Negotiations Emphasis
• Business negotiations are perhaps the most
fundamental business rituals
• The basic elements of business negotiations are
the same in any country
– They relate to the product, its price and terms, services
associated with the product, and finally, friendship between
vendors and customers
• One standard rule in negotiating is “know
thyself” first, and second, “know your
counterpart”
5-17
Marketing Orientation
• A company’s marketing orientation has been
positively related to profits (U.S.)
• Other countries have more traditional approach
– Production orientation (consumers will prefer products that are
widely available)
– Product orientation (consumers will favor products that offer the
most quality performance, or innovative features)
– Selling orientation (consumers and businesses alike will not buy
enough without prodding)
• Encouraging a marketing orientation across
global business units can be difficult
5-18
Gender Bias
in International Business
• Women represent only 18% of the employees who are
chosen for international assignments
• In many cultures women not typically found in upper
levels of management, and are treated very differently
from men
– Asia, Middle East, Latin America
• Prejudices toward women in foreign countries
• Cross-mentoring system
– Lufthansa
• Executives who have had international experience
– More likely to get promoted,
– Have higher rewards, and have
– Greater occupational tenure
5-19
Few and Far Between – Female
Directors on Corporate Boards
Exhibit 5.4
5-20
Corruption Defined
• Types of Corruption
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Profits (Marxism)
Individualism (Japan)
Rampant consumerism (India)
Missionaries (China)
Intellectual property laws (Sub-Sahara Africa)
Currency speculation ( Southeast Asia)
• Criticisms of Mattel and Barbie
– Sales of Barbie declined worldwide after the global standardization
– Parents and government did react
– Mattel’s strategy boosted sales of its competition
5-21
The Western Focus on Bribery
• 1970s, bribery became a national issue with public
disclosure of political payoffs to foreign recipients by
U.S. firms
• The decision to pay a bribe creates a major conflict
between what is ethical and proper and what is
profitable and sometimes necessary for business
• OECD Convention on combating the bribery of
foreign public officials in international business
transactions
• Transparency International (TI)
5-22
Transparency International
Corruption Perception Index
Exhibit 5.5
5-23
Transparency International
Bribe Payer’s Index
Exhibit 5.6
5-24
Bribery –
Variations on a Theme
• Bribery and Extortion
– Voluntary offered payment by someone seeking unlawful advantage is
bribery
– If payments are extracted under duress by someone in authority from a
person seeking only what he are she is lawfully entitled to that is
extortion
• Subornation and Lubrication
– Lubrication involves a relatively small sum of cash, a gift, or a service
given to a low-ranking official in a country where such offerings are not
prohibited by law
– Subornation involves giving large sums of money, frequently not
properly accounted for, designed to entice an official to commit an illegal
act on behalf of the one offering the bribe
5-25
Bribery –
Variations on a Theme
• Agent’s Fees
– When a businessperson is uncertain of a country’s rules
and regulations, an agent may be hired to represent the
company in that country
– The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
– Change will come only from more ethically and socially
responsible decisions by both buyers and sellers and by
governments willing to take a stand
5-26
Ethical and Socially
Responsible Decisions
•
Difficulties arise in making decisions, establishing policies, and
engaging in business operations in five broad areas
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Employment practices and policies
Consumer protection
Environmental protection
Political payments and involvement in political affairs of the country
Basic human rights and fundamental freedoms
•
Laws are the markers of past behavior that society has deemed
unethical or socially irresponsible
•
Ethical principles to help the marketer distinguish between right
and wrong, determine what ought to be done, and justify actions
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Utilitarian Ethics
Rights of the Parties
Justice or Fairness
5-27
Dimensions of Culture, A Synthesis
Exhibit 5.7
5-28
Chapter 8: What Should You
Learn?
• The importance of problem definition in
international research
• The problems of availability and use of
secondary data
• Multicultural sampling and its problems in less
developed countries
• Sources of secondary data
• How to analyze and use research information
8-29
Breadth and Scope
of International Marketing Research
• Types of information needed by research
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General information about the country, area, and/or market
Information to forecast future marketing requirements
►
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By anticipating social, economic, consumer, and industry trends within
specific markets or countries
Specific market information used to make and develop
marketing plans
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Product
Promotion
Distribution
Price decisions
8-30
Top 20 Countries for Marketing
Research Expenditures (millions of dollars)
Exhibit 8.1
8-31
The Research Process
• Research process steps
1. Define the research problem and establish research objectives
2. Determine the sources of information to fulfill the research
objectives
3. Consider the costs and benefits of the research effort
4. Gather relevant data from secondary or primary sources, or both
5. Analyze, interpret, and summarize the results
6. Effectively communicate the results to decision makers
•
Research steps are similar for all countries
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Variations and problems can occur in implementation
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Differences in cultural and economic development
8-32
Problems of Availability
and Use of Secondary Data
• U.S. government provides comprehensive
statistics for United States
• Marketing data not matched in other countries
– Quality
– Quantity
– Exceptions are Japan and several European countries
• Continuing efforts to improve data collection
– United Nations
– Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD)
8-33
Availability
and Reliability of Data
• Most countries simply do not have governmental
agencies that collect on a regular basis the kinds of
secondary data readily available in the U.S.
• Researchers’ language skills impede access to
information
– Requires native speaker of language
• Official statistics are sometimes too optimistic, reflecting
national pride rather than practical reality, while tax
structures and fear of the tax collector often adversely
affect data
– Less-developed countries prone to optimism
– Willful errors
– “Adjusted reporting”
8-34
Validating Secondary Data
• Questions to judge the reliability of secondary data
sources
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Who collected the data?
Would there be any reason for purposely misrepresenting the facts?
For what purposes was the data collected?
How was the data collected?
Are the data internally consistent and logical in light of known data sources
or market factors?
• Checking the consistency of one set of secondary
data with other data of known validity
– An effective and often-used way of judging validity
• The availability and accuracy of recorded secondary
data increase with level of economic development
8-35
Summary
• Some cultures appear to emphasize the importance of
information and competition while others focus more on
relationships and transaction cost reductions
• Businesspersons working in another country must be
sensitive to the business environment and must be
willing to adapt when necessary
• Understanding the culture you are entering is the only
sound basis for planning
• Business behavior is derived in large part from the basic
cultural environment in which the business operates and,
as such, is subject to the extreme diversity encountered
among various cultures and subcultures
5-36
Summary
• Environmental considerations significantly affect the
attitudes, behavior, and outlook of foreign
businesspeople
• The international trader must be constantly alert and
prepared to adapt when necessary
• No matter how long in a country, the outsider is not a
local – in many countries that person may always be
treated as an outsider
• Assuming that knowledge of one culture will provide
acceptability in another is a critical mistake
5-37
Summary
• Many foreign markets have inadequate or
unreliable bases of secondary information
• Three keys to successful international marketing
research
– The inclusion of natives of the foreign culture on research teams
– The use of multiple methods and triangulation
– The inclusion of decision makers, even top executives, who must
on occasion talk directly to or directly observe customers in
foreign markets
8-38
Any Questions?
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