Transcript Cell Structure & Function

S7L2. Students will describe the
structure and function of cells, tissues,
organs, and organ systems.
A. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to
grow and divide and to make needed materials.
B. Relate cell structures (cell membrane, nucleus,
cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria) to basic
cell functions.
C. Explain that cells are organized into tissues,
tissues into organs, organs into systems, and
systems into organisms.
D. Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems
serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food, and
waste removal.
Biochemistry
• Study of chemical composition and
reactions occurring in living matter
• Inorganic Compounds
• Do not contain carbon
• Exceptions - CO2, CO, bicarbonates
• Water is the most abundant and important
inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all
cells and 2/3 of body weight
Organic Compounds
• Contain the element
carbon and hydrogen
• Carbon is found in
things that are or
once were living.
• Carbon atoms share
electrons to form
covalent bonds.
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds are composed of
hundreds to thousands of individual
molecules.
– The single molecules in a polymer are called
monomers.
Organic Compounds
• The long molecules formed by repeating
patterns of monomers are called
polymers.
Functional Groups
• A functional group is a group of atoms that
characterize the structure of a family of
organic compounds.
• Functional groups determine many of the
properties of organic compounds.
• 3 Types to Know: Amino (NH2), Carboxyl
(COOH), Hydroxyl (OH).
Macromolecules
• 4 Types of Organic Compounds or
macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids.
– Essential to maintaining life processes: cell
function, storage, energy, homeostasis and
genetic information.
Carbohydrates
• Make up sugars and
starches
• Contain a hydroxyl
(OH) group
• Contain atoms of
carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
• Provide energy to the
cells.
• Dissolve in water
(hydrophilic)
Types of Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are classified according
to size.
• One sugar is a monosaccharide
(monomer).
• Two sugars make a disaccharide.
• Many sugar molecules linked together form
a polysaccharide (polymer).
Monosaccharide
Milk Sugar
Fruit Sugar
Disaccharide
Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of
humans during starch digestion.
Polysaccharide
Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side
branches.
Lipids
• The three types of
lipids are fats, oils,
and waxes.
• Contain carbon,
hydrogen, and
oxygen
• Typically contain two
monomers – glycerol
and fatty acids
• Glycerol contains the
hydroxyl (OH) group.
• Fatty acids contain
the carboxyl (COOH)
group.
Functions of Lipids
• Lipids store energy
for later use by the
body.
• Lipids also serve
as padding and
protection for the
body.
• Lipids do not
dissolve in water
(hydrophobic), but
may contain parts
that can dissolve in
water.
Structure of a Lipid
• Dissolves in
water
(hydrophilic)
• Does not
dissolve in
water
(hydrophobic)
Phospholipid
• Found in cell
membranes
– Head is the
phosphate
group.
• Hydrophilic
– Tails are the
fatty acids.
• Hydrophobic
Fatty Acids
• Long chains of carbon atoms with
attached hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbons)
• Saturated fats contain only single bonds
between the carbon atoms.
• Unsaturated fats contain one or more
double or triple bonds between the carbon
atoms.
Proteins
• Proteins are the building materials for the
body.
– Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made
mostly of proteins.
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, and in some cases sulfur.
• Contain amine (NH2) and carboxyl
(COOH) groups
Function of Proteins
• The building blocks of
proteins are amino acids
(monomers).
• Serve as enzymes which
control rate of reactions
and regulate cell
processes.
• Amino acids are
connected by a special
type of bond called a
peptide bond.
• Amino acid chains are
called polypeptides.
• A protein contains one or
more polypeptide chains.
Amino Acids
Types of Proteins
• There are two types of proteins –
fibrous and globular.
• Fibrous protein (found in skin, tendons,
bones, and muscles) does not dissolve
in water (hydrophobic).
• Globular protein (found in enzymes,
some hormones, and hemoglobin) can
dissolve in water (hydrophilic).
Fibrous Proteins
• Keratins are a family
of fibrous structural
proteins; tough and
insoluble, they form
the hard but nonmineralized structures
found in reptiles,
birds, amphibians and
mammals.
Globular Proteins
• Enzymes are
proteins that catalyze
(i.e. accelerate)
chemical reactions.
• Almost all processes
in a biological cell
need enzymes in
order to occur at
significant rates.
Nucleic Acids
DNA
Very large organic molecules made of carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Function:
– genetic material
• stores information
– genes
– blueprint for building proteins
» DNA  RNA  proteins
• transfers information
– blueprint for new cells
– blueprint for next generation
proteins
Nucleic Acids
• Examples:
– RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• single helix
– DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• double helix
• Structure:
– monomers = nucleotides
DNA
RNA
S7L2. Students will describe the
structure and function of cells, tissues,
organs, and organ systems.
A. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to
grow and divide and to make needed materials.
B. Relate cell structures (cell membrane, nucleus,
cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria) to basic
cell functions.
C. Explain that cells are organized into tissues,
tissues into organs, organs into systems, and
systems into organisms.
D. Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems
serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food, and
waste removal.
Cell History
The History
• Hans and Zacharias Janssen of Holland in the
1590’s created the “first” compound microscope
• Anthony van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke
made improvements by working on the lenses.
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723
He observed pond water, and he
discovered animal-like protists that he
called animalcules.
Hooke Microscope
Robert Hooke
1635-1703
He looked at cork plants and
called the tiny structures he saw
“CELLS”.
Picture of early microscope and first
drawings of cells by Robert Hooke.
How a Microscope Works
Convex Lenses are
curved glass used to
make microscopes
(and glasses etc.)
Convex Lenses bend
light and focus it in
one spot.
How a Microscope Works
Ocular Lens
(Magnifies Image)
Objective Lens
(Gathers Light,
Magnifies
And Focuses Image
Inside Body Tube)
Body Tube
(Image Focuses)
Bending Light: The objective (bottom) convex lens magnifies and
focuses (bends) the image inside the body tube and the ocular convex
(top) lens of a microscope magnifies it again.
Magnification
• To determine your magnification…you just multiply
the ocular lens by the objective lens
• Ocular lens 10x Objective 40x:
10 x 40 = 400
So the object is magnified 400 times “larger”
Objective Lens have
their magnification
written on them.
Ocular lenses usually magnifies by 10x
Simple Microscope
• Similar to a magnifying glass and has only one
lense.
Compound Microscope
• Lets light pass through an object and then
through two or more lenses.
Stereoscopic Microscope
• Gives a three dimensional view of an object.
(Examples: insects and leaves)
Electron Microscope
• Uses a magnetic field to bend beams of electrons;
instead of using lenses to bend beams of light.
Eyepiece
Body Tube
Revolving Nosepiece
Arm
Objective Lens
Stage Clips
Diaphragm
Light
Stage
Coarse Focus
Fine Focus
Base
Cell Theory
Principles of Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells
• Smallest living unit of structure and
function of all organisms is the cell
• All cells arise from preexisting cells
(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)
• Schleiden and
Schwann used
the work of
Virchow and
improved the
cell theory.
Cells are
created from
pre-existing
cells!
All plants
are made
of cells!
All animals
are made
of cells!
Principles of Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells
• Smallest living unit of structure and
function of all organisms is the cell
• All cells arise from preexisting cells
(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)
S7L2. Students will describe the
structure and function of cells, tissues,
organs, and organ systems.
A. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to
grow and divide and to make needed materials.
B. Relate cell structures (cell membrane, nucleus,
cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria) to basic
cell functions.
C. Explain that cells are organized into tissues,
tissues into organs, organs into systems, and
systems into organisms.
D. Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems
serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food, and
waste removal.
Cell Structures
and Functions
Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life
functions.
Cell Size and Shape
Cells Have Large Surface
Area-to-Volume Ratio
Characteristics of All Cells
• A surrounding membrane
• Cytoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• DNA
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic cells
•Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells
• First cell type on earth
• Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic Cell
• Do not have
internal
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• All are onecelled organisms,
Bacteria
Prokaryotic Cells
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Eukaryotic Cell
•
•
•
•
Have membrane-bound internal structures called Organelles
Can be unicellular or multicellular
Protists, fungi, plants, and animals
Much larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
Animal
Plant
Representative Animal Cell
Representative Plant Cell
Cell Structures
and Functions
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Plasma Cell Membrane
• Contains cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
• Membrane covering around all cells that controls movement of
particles in and out of the cell. Cell membranes are Selectively
permeable – the ability to allow molecules to pass through.
Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
• A few molecules move freely
– Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
• Carrier proteins transport some molecules
– Proteins embedded in lipid bi-layer
– Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a
lipid bi-layer with proteins
Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
– Recognize certain chemicals
Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
– Catalyze production of substances
Cell Walls
• Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
• Surrounds plasma cell membrane
• Helps cell maintain shape
Cell Wall Differences
• Plants – mostly cellulose
• Fungi – contain chitin
Cell Parts
and
Organelles
Inside The Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus
DNA
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Golgi bodies
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Chloroplast
Centrioles
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like fluid containing
organelles
• Supports the internal
structures of all cells
• Components of
cytoplasm
– Interconnected
filaments & fibers
– Fluid = cytosol
– Organelles
(not nucleus)
– storage substances
Cytoskeleton
• Filaments & fibers
• Made of 3 fiber types
– Microfilaments
– Microtubules
– Intermediate filaments
• 3 functions:
– mechanical support
– anchor organelles
– help move
substances
A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
Cilia & Flagella
• Provide motility – ability
to move
• Cilia
– Short
– Used to move substances
outside human cells
• Flagella
– Whip-like extensions
– Found on sperm cells
Cilia & Flagella Structure
• Bundles of microtubules
• With plasma membrane
Centrioles
• Pairs of microtubular structures
• Found only in animal cells
• Play a role in animal cell division
Membranous Organelles
• Functional components within cytoplasm
• Bound by membranes
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by
nuclear membrane (selectively
permeable)
• Contains genetic material –
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
• Contains the nucleolus –
ribosomes (RNA) are stored
and produced here.
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds the nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Selectively permeable –
has pores that allow
materials to enter and
leave the nucleus
• Also called the nuclear
envelop
DNA
• Hereditary material
• Chromosomes
– DNA
– Proteins
– Form for cell division
• Chromatin
Chromosomes
• In the nucleus
• Made of tightly coiled DNA
• Contain instructions for traits & characteristics
Chromatin – uncoiled DNA
Nucleolus
• Most cells have 2
or more
• Directs synthesis
of RNA
• Forms ribosomes
Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ER &
floating throughout
the cell
• Three types of RNA:
mRNA- messenger
tRNA- transfer
rRNA- ribosomal
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells
• Network of interconnected membranes
• Two types
– Rough endoplasmic reticulum
– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached to surface
– Manufacture proteins (protein synthesis)
– Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help build molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
Golgi Apparatus
• Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
• Packaging & shipping station of cell
Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules arrive in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate
vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma cell
membrane to secrete/release contents
out of the cell.
Lysosomes
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Recycling organelle of
the cell
• Functions
– Aid in cell renewal
– Break down old cell
parts
– Digests invaders
Enzymes – proteins that speed up chemical reactions; used to break down larger
substances.
Vacuoles
• Membrane bound storage
sacs
• More common in plants
than animals
• Helps plants maintain
shape
• Contents
– Water
– Food
– wastes
Energy Processing Organelles
Types
– Mitochondria
(release
energy)
– Chloroplasts
(store energy)
Mitochondria
• Have their own DNA
• Bound by double membrane
Mitochondria
• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
– Glucose
– Fatty acids
• Release energy
– ATP
Mitochondria
• Stores and releases energy.
(Powerhouse of the cell)
• Cellular Respiration – the
chemical reaction that
releases energy (ATP) from
carbohydrates and fats with
the use of oxygen.
• Cellular respiration begins in
the cytoplasm and it is
completed in the
mitochondria.
Chloroplast
• Solar energy capturing
organelle found in plant
cells
• Contains green pigment
called chlorophyll
• Photosynthesis occurs
in chloroplast
• Photosynthesis- the
chemical reaction that
converts CO2, water,
and sunlight into
food/glucose.
Questions?
Representative Animal Cell
Animal Cell
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Cytoplasm Golgi bodies
Centrioles
Vacuole
Lysosome
Representative Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Cell wall
Nucleus
Ribosome
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Lysosome
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Cytoplasm
Golgi bodies
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Animal Cell
VS
Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Organelles
Functions
Cell membrane
Selectively permeable, protective, fatty covering around all cells
Cell wall
Rigid outer covering that protects and supports
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Gel-like material inside all cells that supports internal cell structures,
and the location of most chemical reactions
Stores and releases large amounts of energy through a chemical
reaction called cellular respiration
make the proteins used by cells for growth, repair, reproduction, and
break down or recycling of cell parts
Green colored organelle that converts CO2, water, and sunlight into
food (glucose) through photosynthesis
Golgi bodies
Package cellular substances into vesicles for transport
Nucleus
Largest organelle of the cell that regulates all cellular actives
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transport system of the cell, where proteins are synthesized
Central Vacuole
Stores unused cellular substances such as water and minerals
Nucleolus
Produces, stores, and releases RNA
Animal Cell
Organelles
Functions
Cell membrane
Selectively permeable, protective, fatty covering around all cells
Cytoplasm
Gel-like material inside all cells that supports internal cell structures,
and the location of most chemical reactions
Mitochondria
Stores and releases large amounts of energy through a chemical
reaction called cellular respiration
Ribosomes
make the proteins used by cells for growth, repair, reproduction, and
break down or recycling of cell parts
Centrioles
Help with animal cell reproduction
Golgi bodies
Package cellular substances into vesicles for transport
Nucleus
Largest organelle of the cell that regulates all cellular actives
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transport system of the cell, where proteins are synthesized
Nucleolus
Produces, stores, and releases RNA
Cell Structure and Function
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Biological
Organization
Levels of Biological Organization
Levels of Biological Organization
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom Organic
Molecule
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom Organic
Molecule
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom Organic
Molecule
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom Organic
Molecule
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom Organic
Molecule
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Tissue
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Tissue
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Tissue
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Tissue
Cell
-
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
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Molecule Organelle
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
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Molecule Organelle
Organ
System
Many
Systems
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Organism
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
Levels of Biological Organization
Cell
Atom Organic
Cell
Molecule Organelle
Organism
Organ
System
Tissue
Organ
Cell
“I’m Coach Blocker, Biology teacher”
“I’m Coach Blocker, Biology teacher”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“I’m Coach Blocker, Biology teacher”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“I’m Coach Blocker, Biology teacher”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“I’m Coach Blocker, Biology teacher”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a eukaryotic cell.”
“I’m Coach Blocker, Biology teacher”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a eukaryotic cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“I’m Coach Blocker, Biology teacher”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a eukaryotic cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“Specialized tissues can form organs.”
“I’m Coach Blocker, Biology teacher”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a eukaryotic cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“Specialized tissues can form organs.”
“Many organs can form an organ system.”
“I’m Coach Blocker, Biology teacher”
“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a eukaryotic cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“Specialized tissues can form organs.”
“Many organs can form an organ system.”
“Many organ systems working together can
form organisms.”
“I’m Coach Blocker, Biology teacher”
I am made of an enormous number of atoms”
“Which come together to create molecules”
“Which can organize to create cell organelles”
“Many organelles can form a eukaryotic cell.”
“Many specialized cells form tissues.”
“Specialized tissues can form organs.”
“Many organs can form an organ system.”
“Many organ systems working together can
form organisms.”
These are the levels of organization!
Cell Specialization
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Cell Review
CELL CITY
Organelle
City Analogy
Organelle
City Analogy
Nucleus City Hall Cytoplasm
Air, rain,
and clouds
Cell
Membrane
Mitochondria
Power
Company
DNA,
Chromosomes,
Chromatin
Mayor
Chloroplast
Solar Power
Plant
Lysosomes
Food processing
or recycling Plant
Vacuole
Warehouse
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
City
Limits
Roads and
Streets
Construction
Company
City
workers
Plant Cell
Cell wall
Nucleus
Ribosome
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Lysosome
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Cytoplasm
Golgi bodies
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Animal Cell
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Cytoplasm Golgi bodies
Centrioles
Vacuole
Lysosome
Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration
Reactants
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Products
ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose Diatomic Energy Carbon Water
dioxide
oxygen
Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis
Reactants
Products
Sunlight + 6CO2+ 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Energy Carbon Water
dioxide
Glucose Diatomic
oxygen
Cellular Respiration vs Photosynthesis
Products
Reactants
C6H12O6 + 6O2
ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose Diatomic Energy Carbon Water
dioxide
oxygen
Reactants
Products
Sunlight + 6CO2+ 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Energy Carbon Water
dioxide
Glucose Diatomic
oxygen
Cell Processes
• Photosynthesis – the chemical process that
converts light energy, carbon dioxide, and
water into food for plants. Occurs in the
chloroplast of plant cells.
• Cellular Respiration – the chemical process
of breaking down carbohydrates with oxygen
to release the stored chemical energy. Occurs
in the mitochondria.
• Fermentation – the chemical process of
breaking down carbohydrates without the use
of oxygen. Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Cellular Transport
What are the two types of cellular transport?
• Passive Transport (3 types)
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
• Active Transport (3 types)
Protein Pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis