Transcript Organelle Funtion

Do Now
• 1. All living things are made of _______
• 2. What is the nucleus important for?
• 3. What’s one fact about prokaryotes
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Unit 3:
Cells!
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• When sound waves hit our eardrum, they set
up vibrations that move into the inner ear,
where millions of tiny hairs convert them into
electrical impulses, which our brains interpret
as sound. Loud sound can damage these hairs.
If it's brief and not too loud, the hairs
recover, but prolonged, loud sound kills the
hairs. The more of them we lose, the less
sound we can hear.
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• 1 in 6 teenagers
already have
permanent damage!
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms)
2.TISSUE (cells working together)
3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)
4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory,
circulatory …)
5.ORGANISM
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Robert Hooke, 1664
• Monk
• First to view cork cells under
his microscope
• Interesting story on Hook and Sir Issac Newton
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What is a Cell?
A CELL IS…
• The smallest unit of LIFE
• the smallest unit biologists study
Levels of Organization of living things:
CELL  TISSUE  ORGAN  ORGAN SYSTEM  ORGANISM
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What is an ORGANELLE?
• Cells have smaller parts inside them called
ORGANELLES
• This means “LITTLE ORGAN.”
• They perform special functions for the cell to keep it
(and the organism) alive
• ALL cells have organelles
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Which Cell Type is Larger?
Three Basic types of cells include:
Bacteria
Plant cell
Animal cell  _________
_________  ___________
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How many
organelles
can you
identify?
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Number of Cells
Although ALL living things are made of
cells, organisms may be:
• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Multicellular- composed of many cells
that may organize into tissues, etc.
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Re-loop: What is the PURPOSE
of all cells?
• The purpose of ALL cells is that they
make PROTEINS!!!!!
• Proteins control almost everything in living
organisms, so all organelles are working to
help make them!
• Think of your cells as PROTEIN
FACTORIES!
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What is CELL THEORY?
1. All living things are
made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit
of structure and
function in living things
3. New cells come form
existing cells (cell
division)
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There are 2 types of cells
EUKARYOTE
PROKARYOTE
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Size
Smaller and simpler (most are unicellular)
Larger and more complex (most are
multicellular)
Evolutionary Age
Older
Younger
Nucleus?
Do NOT have a nucleus (DNA floats
around the cell and looks like a twisted
string)
DOES contain a nucleus (DNA is inside
the nucleus)
Organelles?
ONLY: Cell Wall, Cell Membrane and
Ribosomes
Everything
DNA?
DNA is free float in the cytoplasm
DNA is inside the nucleus
Examples
Bacteria
Plants, Animals, Fungi
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Prokaryotes – the first cells
• Nucleoid region
(center) contains
the DNA
• Surrounded by cell
membrane & cell
wall (peptidoglycan)
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) in
their cytoplasm to
make proteins
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Eukaryotes
• Cells that HAVE a
nucleus and
membrane-bound
organelles
• Includes protists,
fungi, plants, and
animals
• More complex type
of cells
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell
structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Huge Size Difference!
Prokaryo
tic Cells
are
TINY!
Eukariotic Cells are BIGGER!
Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
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Animal Cell
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Cell Project!
Right corner if you’re a VISUAL learner
Left corner if you’re an AUDITORY learner
Front if you’re just a straight forward learner
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Cell Project
Rubric – This is EXACTLY how you’ll be
graded!
Utilize all your resources
to put together your project (ipad, miss k,
group mates, text book)
Expectations:
Roles:
Individual Project: 3D model
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Do Now, 9/25/12
1. What is an organelle
2. Name 3 organelles that
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
share
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Organelles
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Organelles
• Very small (Microscopic)
• Perform various functions for a
cell
• Found in the cytoplasm
• May or may not be membranebound
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Animal Cell Organelles
Ribosome (attached)
Ribosome (free)
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
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Plant Cell Organelles
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and
proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells
• Controls what enters or leaves the cell
Outside
of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
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Lipid bilayer
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The Cell Membrane is Fluid
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving
and changing
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Cell Wall
Cell wall
• Nonliving layer
• Found in plants,
fungi, & bacteria
• Made of cellulose in
plants
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Cell Wall
• Supports and
protects cell
• Found outside of the
cell membrane
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Cytoplasm of a Cell
cytoplasm
• Jelly-like
substance enclosed
by cell membrane
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More on Cytoplasm
cytoplasm
• Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs
• Found in ALL cells
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The Control Organelle - Nucleus
• Controls the normal
activities of the cell
• Contains the DNA in
chromosomes
• Usually the largest
organelle
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Inside the Nucleus The genetic material (DNA) is found
DNA is spread out
And appears as
CHROMATIN
in non-dividing cells
DNA is condensed &
wrapped around proteins
forming
as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
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What Does DNA do?
DNA is the hereditary
material of the cell
Genes that make up the DNA
molecule code for different
proteins
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Mitochondrion
(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy
(ATP)
• More active cells like
muscle cells have MORE
mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells
have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION (burning
glucose)
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MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a DOUBLE
membrane
Has its own DNA
Prokaryote eating
prokaryote theory!
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Interesting Fact --• Mitochondria
Come from
cytoplasm in the
EGG cell during
fertilization
Therefore …
• You inherit your
mitochondria
from your
mother!
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Cell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
Rod shape
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What do mitochondria do?
“Power plant”
of the cell
Burns glucose to
release energy (ATP)
Stores energy as ATP
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Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
• Network of hollow membrane tubules
• Functions in Synthesis of cell products &
Transport
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough
ER)
• Has ribosomes
on its surface
• Makes
membrane
proteins and
proteins for
EXPORT out of
cell
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Rough ER)
• Proteins are made
by ribosomes on ER
surface
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes on its
surface
• Is attached to the
ends of rough ER
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Functions of the Smooth ER
• Makes membrane
lipids (steroids)
• Destroys toxic
substances
(Liver)
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Endomembrane System
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected
to cell membrane (transport)
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Ribosomes
• Join amino acids to make proteins
• Process called protein synthesis

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Ribosomes
Can be attached to
Rough ER
OR
Be free
(unattached)
in the
cytoplasm
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Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened sacs
• Have a shipping side
(trans face) and
receiving side (cis face)
CIS
TRANS
Transport
vesicle
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Golgi Bodies
Look like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for storage OR
transport out of cell
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Golgi
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Golgi Animation
Materials are transported from Rough ER
to Golgi to the cell
membrane
by
VESICLES
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Vacuoles
• Fluid filled
sacks for
storage
• Small or absent
in animal cells
• Plant cells have
a large Central
Vacuole
• No vacuoles in
bacterial cells
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Contractile Vacuole
• Found in unicellular
protists like
paramecia
• Regulate water intake
by pumping out excess
(homeostasis)
• Keeps the cell from
lysing (bursting)
Contractile vacuole animation
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Chloroplasts
• Use energy from
sunlight to make own
food (glucose)
• Energy from sun
stored in the Chemical
Bonds of Sugars
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Chloroplasts
• Surrounded by DOUBLE
membrane
• Contains its own
DNA
• Never in animal
or bacterial cells
• Photosynthesis –
food making
process
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Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
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Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
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