Transcript Cell Structurewoyce2010

Cell Structure
& Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
1665Robert Hooke
______________________
used a microscope to
examine a thin slice of cork
and saw “little boxes”
He called them “CELLS” because
they looked like the small rooms
that monks lived in called Cells
Microscope image: http://www.answers.com/topic/microscope
Cork image: http://www.cortex.de/img_kork/cork_cells_big.jpg
Hooke image: http://www.metaweb.com/wiki/upload/5/5c/Hookeyoungmtwb.jpg
1673Anton van Leeuwenhoek
___________________________________
a Dutch microscope maker was the first
to see LIVING ORGANISMS.
Microscope/Leeuwenhoek image: http://www.answers.com/topic/microscope
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
1838German botanist
Matthias Schleiden
__________________________
concluded that
ALL PLANTS
are made of cells
Plant image: http://www.epa.gov/maia/images/classification.gif
Schleiden image: http://web.visionlearning.com/events/Schleiden_Apr5_2005.htm
1839German zoologist
_________________________
Theodor Schwann
concluded that
ALL ANIMALS ARE MADE OF CELLS
Schwann image: http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/schwann.htm
Animals image: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.htm
1855German
medical doctor
Rudolph Virchow
_____________________
saw dividing cells
in the microscope
and reasoned that
cells come from
other cells
Virchow: http://www.parlament-berlin.de/Galeriecopy.nsf/0/8ABC720262898739C1256A480037F869?OpenDocument
Mitosis: http://biology.dbs.umt.edu/biol101/labs/lab_6_images/sect01and06/Rebecca,%20tanner,%20and%20liam%20mitosis%20root%20tip.jpg
CELL THEORY
1. All living things are ________________________.
MADE OF CELLS
2. Cells are the basic unit of
STRUCTURE & _____________
FUNCTION
____________
in an organism.
life
(cell = basic unit of _____________)
3. Cells come from the reproduction
of ____________
cells
existing
Cell image: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm
All living things made of cells
BUT… organisms can be very
different.
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/bacsiz.GIF
UNICELLULAR
MULTICELLULAR
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/
http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif
CELL SIZE
http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/gdavis/links%20100.htm
Typical cells range from:
5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter
How big is a micron ( µ ) ?
http://www.talentteacher.com/pics/005cb.jpg
1 cm = 10,000 microns
1” = 25,000 microns
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM don’t
just contain MANY CELLS.
They have different kinds of cells
doing different jobs
Image from: http://www.isscr.org/images/ES-cell-Fig-2.jpg
Cells in a multi-cellular organism
become SPECIALIZED by
turning different genes on and
off
Image from: http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg
Cell Specialization =DIFFERENTIATION
SPECIALIZED ANIMAL CELLS
Muscle cells
Red blood cells
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/images/bloodcells3D.jpg
Cheek cells
http://www.mlms.logan.k12.ut.us/~ajohnson/Cells.html
Specialized Plant cells
Guard cells
Xylem cells
Pollen
Guard cells: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/img/Botany_130/Diversity/Bryophytes/Anthoceros/Guard_cells.jpg
Xylem: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Secondary_Growth/Woody_Stems/Tilia_Stem/Secondary_Growth/One_Year_Stem/Primary_xylem_MC.j
Pollen: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/pollen.jpg
ATOMS
________
MOLECULES
__________
ORGANELLES
 ___________
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide
CELLS
TISSUES
____________
 ____________

Similar cells
working together
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide
The cell
• The basic unit of structure and function in
all _________ things.
Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of
cells. (Schleiden and Schwann)
• Cells are the smallest working
units of all living things. (S/S)
• All cells come from preexisting
cells through cell division.
(Virchow)
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by
membranes
Plant
Animal
• Most living organisms
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Wall/ Cell Membrane
Entering (and exiting) the cell
CELL WALL
• A stiff wall that
surrounds the cell
membrane, giving the
cell a rigid boxlike
shape
• Function: protection &
support
• This structure is only
on the plant cell
CELL MEMBRANE
• Forms the outside
boundary that
separates the cell
from its environment
• Function: controls
what comes in and
out of the cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane
of cell that
controls
movement in
and out of the
cell
• Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
• Most
commonly
found in plant
cells & bacteria
• Supports &
protects cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Acts as the “brain” of
the cell or the control
center
• Directs all of the cell’s
activities
• Where DNA is found
Nucleus
• Cells without a nucleus: ______________
• Cells with a nucleus: ________________
___________________________
___________________________
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by
nuclear membrane
• Contains genetic material DNA
Nucleus
• The nucleus of the cell contains the
genetic information (DNA)
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter
and leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
• Inside
nucleus
• Contains
RNA to build
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain
instructions for
traits &
characteristics
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Cytoplasm
• A gel-like fluid found throughout the entire
cell wherein the organelles are found.
• It is constantly moving so the cell does not
need to propel itself.
Mitochondria
• The “powerhouse” of
the cell
• Produces energy for
the cell
Proteins in the cell
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Carry proteins and other materials from one
part of the cell to another
• Ribosomes
– Factories that produce proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials
around in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type
(pictured):
ribosomes
embedded in
surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
• Each cell
contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on
ribosomes &
floating
throughout the
cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Endoplasmic Reticulum &
Ribosomes
Golgi Bodies
• The cell’s “mailroom”
• Receives proteins
and other materials
from the
ER, packages them
and distributes them
to other parts of the
cell.
Lysosomes
• Cell’s cleanup crew
• Breaks down old cell parts and releases
the substances so they can be used again.
Vacuoles
• Membranebound sacs for
storage,
digestion, and
waste removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants
maintain shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Plant Cells
• Larger
vacuoles
• Chloroplast
• Cell wall
• Cells have
definite shape
Animal Cells
• Smaller vacuoles,
some have no
vacuoles
• No cell wall and no
chloroplast
• More lysosomes
• More mitochondria
VACUOLES
•
•
•
•
Storage area of the cell
Stores food and water
Plants have one large vacuole for water
Some animal cells have them & others do
not
Chloroplasts
• Capture energy from
the sunlight and use it
to produce food for
the cell
• Found only in the
plant cell
Chloroplast
• Usually found in
plant cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where
photosynthesis
takes place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html