Transcript Prokaryotes_vs_Eukaryotes_PPP2

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Megan Wilkerson
University of West Alabama
Helpful Definitions
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Cell- the smallest structural unit of an organism
Nucleus- a central part around which other parts are collected
Cytoplasm- protoplasm outside a cell nucleus
Protoplasm- a complex substance constituting the living matter of cells
and performing basic life functions
Ribosome- a spherical particle active in the synthesis of protein
Synthesis- the fusion of separate elements to form a whole
Organelle- a specialized part of a cell that resembles and functions as
an organ
Mitochondrion- a microscopic body occurring in the cells of living
organisms and containing enzymes responsible for the conversion of
food to energy
Meiosis- cell division in sexually reproducing organisms
Mitosis- cell division in non- sexually reproducing organisms
Cells
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Living organisms are constructed of cells and may
consist of one or many cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in
organisms.
There are two basic types of cells: prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
Cells vary in size based on the volume of the
organism. As the volume increases, the cell size
diminishes.
All cells are derived from other cells.
History of Prokaryotes
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“Karyose” comes from the Greek word
which means “kernel”
“Pro” means “before”
“Prokaryotic” means “before a nucleus”
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes:
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Were the first living organisms to evolve
Lack a nucleus
Are the material that create bacteria
Are almost always single- celled
Can have whip- like flagella for movement or hairlike pili for adhesion
Come in various shapes- cocci (round), baccilli (rods),
spirilla (elongated spiral), or spirochetes (helical cells)
More Information about
Prokaryotes
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Prokaryotic cells have 0.001 times as much DNA as
eukaryotic cells.
At fairly high frequencies, spontaneous mutations can
cause prokaryotes to turn into a female.
Prokaryotes have a wonderful "motor" for swimming,
but can only run in two directions and at one speed.
In forward, prokaryotes are propelled in one direction
at 30 mph. In reverse, the prokaryote can turn flips
or tumble. It can only do one or the other. It cannot
stop.
History of Eukaryotes
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“Eu” means “true” or “good”
“Eukaryotic” means “possessing a true
nucleus”
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes:
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Evolved from a prokaryote predecessor
Are more complex than prokaryotes
Can be single or multi- celled
Comprise most living things, including plants,
animals, and humans
Have a nucleus
Can reproduce in several ways, including mitosis and
meiosis
More Information about
Eukaryotes
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The basic eukaryotic cell contains the
following:
plasma membrane
glycocalyx
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
membrane enclosed subcellular
organelles
Plasma Membrane
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A lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex,
providing a barrier and containing
transport and signaling systems.
Nucleus
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Double membrane surrounding the
chromosomes and the nucleolus. Pores
allow specific communication with the
cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site for
synthesis of RNA making up the
ribosome
Mitochondria
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Surrounded by a double membrane
with a series of folds called cristae.
Functions in energy production through
metabolism. Contains its own DNA, and
is believed to have originated as a
captured bacterium.
Vacuoles
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Membrane surrounded "bags" that
contain water and storage materials in
plants
How are Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes Alike?
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Both perform many of the same
functions.
Both have DNA
Both can have cell walls
Both can have cytoplasm
Both have ribosomes
How are Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes Different?
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Eukaryotes are larger than prokaryotes
Eukaryotes are more complex than
prokaryotes
Eukaryotes have a nucleus; prokaryotes do
not
Prokaryotes are almost always single celled
Eukaryotes have organelles
Cell Structure of Prokaryotes
Cell Structure of Eukaryotes
(Plant cell)
Cell Structure of Eukaryotes
(Animal cell)
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Comparison Table
Comparison Table
Nucleus
Prokaryotes
No Nucleus
Eukaryotes
Has a Nucleus
Smaller in size
Larger in size
Simple Structure
Complex Structure
Membrane-enclosed
organelles
No Organelles
Has Organelles
Cell division
Binary fission
Sexual reproduction
Transfer of DNA
Chromosome (DNA)
arrangement
Single chromosome
Size of cell
Structure
Mitosis
Meiosis
Multiple
chromosomes
TEST YOUR CELL
KNOWLEDGE!!!!!!!!!
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Which of the following is not alive, but requires life to be able to reproduce?
Viruses- Correct.
Yes, a virus requires a living cell for reproduction, and cannot reproduce by itself.
Which statement best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesis and assembly of membrane and secreted proteins- Correct!
Rough ER is covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are involved
in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes.
Which statement best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Processing of membrane and secreted proteins, including glycosylationCorrect!
The Golgi apparatus processes proteins after they leave the endoplasmic
reticulum.