Transcript cells - Eastchester High School

Cells
Life Functions
or Life ___________(Review)
Humans and other complex organisms require many different
organ systems to carry on the activities required for
life. These life activities or processes include the following
1. ____________________ is the
breakdown of food into simpler
molecules which can then enter cells
2. _____________________ the
movement of materials within an
organism or its cells
________________ (locomotion)
change in position by a living thing
3. _______________ is the removal of
metabolic waste produced by an
organism (wastes may include
A. ________ ____________ exhaled
B. water (__________)
C. urea in urine and sweat)
4. __________________process which
converts the energy in food (________)
to ATP (the form of energy which can
be ________ by the cells)
5. ________________ the making of
more organisms of one's own kind -- not
needed by an individual living thing but
is needed by its _________ in order it
can survive / continue.
6. ____________________ the ability of an
organism to resist disease causing
organisms and foreign invaders. What type
of cells are involved in this life function?
_______________________
7. ____________________ the control of
the various activities of an organism. Mostly
involves the _________ system and the
endocrine glands AKA _____________
system in complex animals, (to be
discussed later in this section)
Cell Theory;
It is generally accepted that cell theory includes:
1. The ________ is the basic unit of structure and
function in all living organisms
2. All living things (_________________) are
made up of one or more _______ examples
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. How ?
By cell ________________,
What are the two types of cells division? A.____________B ____________.
4. Exception to cell theory are _______________
CELLS
There are two type of cells.
(A) Prokaryote cells
(B) Eukaryote cells
What is the difference? ______________
_________________________________
_________________________________
What do we use to look at cells?
____________________Microscopes
Cell can have many different shapes, look different, have different sizes
and serve different function. What causes this?????
Different __________ are turned on or off in cells depending on their
location / environment in the organism.
There are two basic type of Eukaryote ells.
What are they?
(A) ____________
(B) ______________
WHAT ARE CELL ORGANELLES?
They are the sub-cell structures that perform the
actual work of the cell, (Life ___________) to
keep it alive.
These structures (______________) in cells
perform specific jobs, such as the transport of
materials within the cell, energy capture and
release, protein building, waste disposal, and
information storage.
Cell Organelles
Cell Organelle
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Function
______________ center of the cell
Contains _________AKA
___________ AKA
_______________ which directs the
synthesis of proteins by the cell
Found inside the
______________
Help in the formation of the
ribosomes
Cell Organelle
Cytoplasm
Function
__________ part of the cell.
Made up of mostly __________
All the __________ are
suspended / floating in it.
Mitochondria
Carries on the process of cell
respiration by converting
______________ to ATP energy the
cell can use.
Cell Organelle
Endoplasmic
reticulum
(two types of ER)
Function
Transport channels within the
cell.
1. rough ER has ____________on its surface and
2. smooth ER does not have ___________ on its
surface)
Ribosome
Found on the endoplasmic
reticulum and free within the
cell’s liquid AKA _________.
Responsible for the synthesis
of _____________ for the cell,
(good looking/ ugly)
Cell Organelle
Cell membrane
Function
Selectively regulates the
materials moving in and out of
the cell, (________ permeable)
Cell Organelle
Function
Vacuole
Stores items such as ________,
digested food, w______
Contractile
vacuole
Pumps out wastes and excess
water from the cell
Cell Organelle
Chloroplast
Function
Found in _________cells and
algae.
Carries on the process of
__________________
Cell Organelle
Lysosomes
Function
Contains digestive enzymes for
intracellular digestion. What type
of cells have a lot of lysosomes?
__________ _______________
cells contain a lot of lysosomes
Cell Organelle
Function
Cell wall
Surrounds and supports plant cells.
Made of _____________ or
Golgi Apparatus
THIS IS A TYPICAL _______________ CELL
(you need ______________ & _______________ if this was a ______________
cell)
Draw a typical plant cell below, use your
text book to help you
CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
The cell membrane or ___________ membrane
performs a number of important functions for the
cell.
• The separation of the cell from its outside
environment.
• Controlling which molecules enter and ______
the cell.
• Allows certain things in and certain things out of
the cell. CERTAINLY!!!
• Recognition of chemical signals
(_____________). The surface of the cell contains
molecules which recognize other molecules which
may attach to or enter the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
The cell membrane consists of two layers of
________________ (like the wall in the classroom with two layers of sheet rock) with
___________ ____ embedded within these layers (like the
doors and windows in the wall)
Cell Membrane Structure
Cell Membrane Processes
There are two types of transport;
A. Passive Transport requires energy Y or N ____
B. Active Transport requires energy Y or N ___
The processes of Passive and Active transport are
important in the movement of materials in and out of
cells.
(A) Passive Transport
There are two types of Passive Transport
(A) ______________
(B) _______________
Diffusion a form of ________
transport is the movement of
materials from a region of
_________ concenteration to a
region of ____________
concentration. The diagram at the
right shows the movement of
molecules from _________
concentration on side A to a
_______ concentration on side B.
(B) Active Transport
In active transport,
molecules move from a region
of ___________ concentration
to a region of __________
concentration (going up a stairs). As this
process does not naturally
occur, the cell has to use
____________ in the form of
_________to make active
transport occur.
STATE LAB Diffusion
Cell Membrane Receptors
Many cell membranes have receptor molecules on
their surface. These receptor sites play an
important role in allowing cells and organs to
_____________ with one another.
Cellular Communication
Hormonal Regulation (____________________)
Hormones provide a primary way for cells to communicate with each other.
A hormone is a ___________ messenger with a specific shape that travels through the
______________ influencing another target cell or target organ.
Examples ___________________________________________
The graphic below shows how hormonal regulation can work in a plant cell.
Animal cell hormonal regulation involves a similar mechanism
A Hormonal Feedback Mechanism
The illustration on the
right shows how a
hormone can bind to
receptors on a cell
membrane and trigger that
cell to produce a needed
compound.
Upon reaching the cell the hormone is targeted for,
the hormone often activates a gene
within a cell to make another necessary compound.
Examples insulin targets __________
Another example of this is provided by the
pituitary gland, ( in your _____________).
This gland at the base of the brain makes a
hormone called LH (luteinizing hormone).
This hormone travels through
the ________________ and stimulates
the ovary to produce yellow tissue that
produces the hormone progesterone,
which maintains the thickness of the uterus lining
Nervous Regulation
Nerve cells or ________________ communicate
with each other.
_________________ communications are one
way organism can detect and respond to stimuli at
both the cellular and organism level.
Examples ________________________________
This detection and response to stimuli helps to
maintain _____________________ in the cell
or organism. Neurons may stimulate other nerve
cells or muscle cells, thus causing the later to
contract and produce movement.
Structure and Function of a Nerve Cell
Neuron Diagram
Structures and their Functions
1. _______________ -- neuron branch which detects stimuli (changes in the environment)
2. ________________ -- body of the neuron where normal metabolic activities occur
3. _____________ -- longest dendrite covered by a myelin sheath which provides electrical
insulation -- carries nerve message or impulse to the end brushes Multiple sclerosis (MS) is
the gradual breaking up of the myelin sheath, causes death
4. end brushes -- release nerve chemicals called neurotransmitters which stimulate adjacent
dendrites on the next neuron or a muscle cell
Any change in nerve or hormone signals will change
the communication between cells and organs in an
organism and thus may cause problems for
organism’s
stability and ability to maintain homeostasis.
Examples _____________________________
CELL CHEMISTRY
Many organic ( compounds that contain
_________ & ____________) and inorganic
(compounds that do not contain __________ &
____________) substances dissolved in cells
allow necessary chemical reactions to take place
in order to maintain life.
Examples _____________________________
Large organic food molecules such as proteins
and starches must initially be broken down
through the life process of ______________ in
order to enter cells.
Organic Molecules and Digestive End Products
Organic Molecule
Digestive End Product(s)
Carbohydrates
simple sugars
(____________)
Proteins
__________ acids
Lipids (_________)
fatty acids and glycerol