Transcript Chapter 4
How to Use This Presentation • To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show”, or simply press F5 on the top row of your keyboard. • To advance to the next slide click the left mouse button once. • From the Chapter screen you can click on any section to go directly to that section’s presentation. • Blank or “missing” areas of a slide will remain hidden until the left mouse button is clicked. • You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Image and Math Focus Bank Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 The Cell in Action Table of Contents Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Section 2 Cell Energy Section 3 The Cell Cycle Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Bellringer Which of the following best describes a living cell: a) building block b) a living organism c) a complex factory d) all of the above Write a paragraph in your science journal defending your choice. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Objectives • Explain the process of diffusion. • Describe how osmosis occurs. • Compare passive transport with active transport. • Explain how large particles get into and out of cells. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment What Is Diffusion? • Diffusion is the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density. • Diffusion of Water The diffusion of water through cell membranes is called osmosis. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment What Is Diffusion?, continued • The Cell and Osmosis Osmosis is important to cell functions. • Plasma surrounds red blood cells and is made up of water, salts, sugars, and other particles. Osmosis keeps the concentration of these particles in balance. • When a wilted plant is watered, osmosis makes the plant firm again. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Moving Small Particles • Passive Transport The movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell is called passive transport. • Active Transport A process of transporting particles that requires the cell to use energy is called active transport. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Moving Large Particles • Endocytosis The active-transport process by which a cell surrounds a large particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell is called endocytosis. • Exocytosis The process in which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane is called exocytosis. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Bellringer Make a list of all the different types of cells that you can think of and the jobs they do. Then make a list of all the reasons that a cell needs energy. Write your answers in your science journal. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Objectives • Describe photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • Compare cellular respiration with fermentation. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy From Sun to Cell • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food. • Chlorophyll Plant cells have molecules that absorb light energy. These molecules are called pigments. Chlorophyll, the main pigment used in photosynthesis, gives plants their green color. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy From Sun to Cell, continued Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Spectrum of Light and Plant Pigments Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Getting Energy from Food • Cellular Respiration During cellular respiration, food (such as glucose) is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, and energy is released. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Getting Energy from Food, continued • Connection Between Photosynthesis and Respiration During photosynthesis, cells take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. During cellular respiration, cells use oxygen to break down glucose and release energy and carbon dioxide. • Fermentation When muscles can’t get the oxygen for cellular respiration, they use fermentation to get energy. Fermentation is the breakdown of food without the use of oxygen. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Bellringer Biology is the only science in which multiplication means the same thing as division—at least with regards to cells. Explain what is meant by this statement in your science journal. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Objectives • Explain how cells produce more cells. • Describe the process of mitosis. • Explain how cell division differs in animals and plants. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle The Life of a Cell • The cell cycle begins when the cell is formed and ends when the cell divides and forms new cells. • Before a cell divides, it must make a copy of its DNA which is organized into structures called chromosomes. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle The Life of a Cell, continued • Making More Prokaryotic Cells Cell division in bacteria is called binary fission, which means “splitting into two parts.” • Bacteria have a single circular DNA molecule (chromosome). Binary fission results in two cells that each contain one copy of the circle of DNA. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle The Life of a Cell, continued •Eukaryotic Cells and Their DNA The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells contain more DNA than those of prokaryotic cells. •In a eukaryotic cell, chromosomes are found in the nucleus and are made of DNA and protein. • Pairs of similar chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle The Life of a Cell, continued Making More Eukaryotic Cells The cell cycle has three stages: 1. Interphase: The cell grows and copies its chromosomes. The two copies are now called chromatids. 2. Mitosis: The chromatids separate. 3. The cell splits into two identical cells. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Mitosis and the Cell Cycle • Mitosis has four phases: 1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Mitosis Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Mitosis and the Cell Cycle, continued • Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm. • In animal cells and other eukaryotes that do not have cell walls, division of the cytoplasm begins at the cell membrane. • In plant cells and in other eukaryotes with cell walls, a cell plate forms and the cell splits into two cells. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Cell Cycle Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 The Cell in Action Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. ATP photosynthesis oxygen water consumers lactic acid producers respiration energy Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 The Cell in Action Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 The Cell in Action Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Chapter 4 Show Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 1 Perhaps you have heard that jogging or some other kind of exercise “burns” a lot of Calories. The word burn is often used to describe what happens when your cells release stored energy from food. The burning of food in living cells is not the same as the burning of logs in a campfire. When logs burn, the energy stored in wood is released as thermal energy and light in a single reaction. But this kind of reaction is not the kind that happens in cells. Instead, the energy that cells get from food molecules is released at each step of a series of chemical reactions. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. According to the passage, how do cells release energy from food? A in a single reaction B as thermal energy and light C in a series of reactions D by burning Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. According to the passage, how do cells release energy from food? A in a single reaction B as thermal energy and light C in a series of reactions D by burning Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage? F Wood burns better than food does. G Both food and wood have stored energy. H Food has more stored energy than wood does. I When it is burned, wood releases only thermal energy. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage? F Wood burns better than food does. G Both food and wood have stored energy. H Food has more stored energy than wood does. I When it is burned, wood releases only thermal energy. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. According to the passage, why might people be confused between what happens in a living cell and what happens in a campfire? A The word burn may describe both processes. B Thermal energy is released during both processes. C Wood can be burned and broken down by living cells. D Jogging and other exercises use energy. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. According to the passage, why might people be confused between what happens in a living cell and what happens in a campfire? A The word burn may describe both processes. B Thermal energy is released during both processes. C Wood can be burned and broken down by living cells. D Jogging and other exercises use energy. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 2 The word respiration means “breathing,” but cellular respiration is different from breathing. Breathing supplies your cells with the oxygen that they need for cellular respiration. Breathing also rids your body of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the chemical process that releases energy from food. Continued on the next slide Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 2, continued Most organisms obtain energy from food through cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, oxygen is used to break down food (glucose) into CO2 and H2O, and energy is released. In humans, most of the energy released is used to maintain body temperature. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. According to the passage, what is glucose? A a type of chemical process B a type of waste product C a type of organism D a type of food Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. According to the passage, what is glucose? A a type of chemical process B a type of waste product C a type of organism D a type of food Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. According to the passage, how does cellular respiration differ from breathing? F Breathing releases carbon dioxide, but cellular respiration releases oxygen. G Cellular respiration is a chemical process that uses oxygen to release energy from food, but breathing supplies cells with oxygen. H Cellular respiration requires oxygen, but breathing does not. I Breathing rids your body of waste products, but cellular respiration stores wastes. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. According to the passage, how does cellular respiration differ from breathing? F Breathing releases carbon dioxide, but cellular respiration releases oxygen. G Cellular respiration is a chemical process that uses oxygen to release energy from food, but breathing supplies cells with oxygen. H Cellular respiration requires oxygen, but breathing does not. I Breathing rids your body of waste products, but cellular respiration stores wastes. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. According to the passage, how do humans use most of the energy released? A to break down food B to obtain oxygen C to maintain body temperature D to get rid of carbon dioxide Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. According to the passage, how do humans use most of the energy released? A to break down food B to obtain oxygen C to maintain body temperature D to get rid of carbon dioxide Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Interpreting Graphics The graph below shows the cell cycle. Use this graph to answer the questions that follow. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Which part of the cell cycle lasts longest? A interphase B mitosis C cytokinesis D There is not enough information to determine the answer. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Which part of the cell cycle lasts longest? A interphase B mitosis C cytokinesis D There is not enough information to determine the answer. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which of the following lists the parts of the cell cycle in the proper order? F mitosis, cytokinesis, mitosis G interphase, cytokinesis, mitosis H interphase, mitosis, interphase I mitosis, cytokinesis, interphase Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Which of the following lists the parts of the cell cycle in the proper order? F mitosis, cytokinesis, mitosis G interphase, cytokinesis, mitosis H interphase, mitosis, interphase I mitosis, cytokinesis, interphase Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which part of mitosis is the briefest? A interphase B cell cycle C cytokinesis D There is not enough information to determine the answer. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which part of mitosis is the briefest? A interphase B cell cycle C cytokinesis D There is not enough information to determine the answer. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 4. Why is the cell cycle represented by a circle? F The cell cycle is a continuous process that begins again after it finishes. G The cell cycle happens only in cells that are round. H The cell cycle is a linear process. I The cell is in interphase for more than half of the cell cycle. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 4. Why is the cell cycle represented by a circle? F The cell cycle is a continuous process that begins again after it finishes. G The cell cycle happens only in cells that are round. H The cell cycle is a linear process. I The cell is in interphase for more than half of the cell cycle. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. A normal cell spends 90% of its time in interphase. How is 90% expressed as a fraction? A 3/4 B 4/5 C 85/100 D 9/10 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 1. A normal cell spends 90% of its time in interphase. How is 90% expressed as a fraction? A 3/4 B 4/5 C 85/100 D 9/10 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. If a cell lived for 3 weeks and 4 days, how many days did it live? F7 G 11 H 21 I 25 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 2. If a cell lived for 3 weeks and 4 days, how many days did it live? F7 G 11 H 21 I 25 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. How is 2 3 3 3 3 expressed in exponential notation? A 3 24 B 2 33 C 34 D 2 34 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 3. How is 2 3 3 3 3 expressed in exponential notation? A 3 24 B 2 33 C 34 D 2 34 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 4. Cell A has 3 times as many chromosomes as cell B has. After cell B’s chromosomes double during mitosis, cell B has 6 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does cell A have? F3 G6 H9 I 18 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 4. Cell A has 3 times as many chromosomes as cell B has. After cell B’s chromosomes double during mitosis, cell B has 6 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does cell A have? F3 G6 H9 I 18 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 5. If x 2 3, what does x 1 equal? A4 B3 C2 D1 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 5. If x 2 3, what does x 1 equal? A4 B3 C2 D1 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 6. If 3x 2 26, what does x 1 equal? F7 G8 H9 I 10 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation 6. If 3x 2 26, what does x 1 equal? F7 G8 H9 I 10 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 1 Exchange with the Environment Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 2 Cell Energy Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.