Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - mppg

About authors and Book
Authors
Geert
Hofstede
Book
Gert Jan
Hofstede
Michael
Minkov
Outline of Presentation














Introduction (The Evolution of Cultures)
5 Million to 1Million Years Ago
1 Million to 40,000 Years Ago
40,000 to 10,000 Years Ago
12,000 to 7,500 Years Ago
7,500 Years Ago Until Now
Sources of Cultural Diversity and Change
The End of History? No!
The Essence of Evolution
Evolution: More than Genes
Evolution Beyond Selfishness: Groups over Individuals
Individuals and Institutions in the Stream of Life
Evolution at Work Today
The Future of Culture
Introduction




Glances into the present and future of culture evolution and seem to
indicate a cultural dimension.
Understanding how we acquired our cultures raise issues about how to
shape our future.
This chapter deals with questions that’s are usually thought of as
philosophical: who are we?, where are we from? Where are we going?
Reconciles the biological, philosophical, historical, social scientific, and
indeed the practical cultural evolution.
Culture and Evolution

Culture:
 Collective
 Programming
of the mind
 Distinguishing members of one group or category of people from another
(nation, ethnicity, gender, generation, occupation, organization, department)

Evolution:
A
process in which generations of a replicator
Ex: Gene, individual or group
5 Million to 1Million Years Ago: Lonely Planet


Chimpanzee
Bonobos

Gorilla

Our ancestors lived in groups of a few dozen as
hunters, gatherers or both.
Ancestors split from that of chimpanzees, bonobos and
gorillas
Male – Physical strength, resilience to disease and
capacity for coordinated collaborative action
Larger bands would have assimilated smaller one
Inequality in Society & Masculinity
5 Million to 1Million Years Ago (Cont….)

Fission and Fusion of groups has been a mechanism
for combining genetic and cultural evolution

Africa
‘Ardi’


Ethiopia
‘ Lucy’

Separation of subpopulation (Ex: Africa – ‘Ardi’ Ardipithecus ramidus,
Ethiopia – ‘Lucy’ Australopithecus afarensis
New race, New species – speciation
These groups in all probability splitting, merging and
exchanged young females, as do apes (Collectivism)
Brain size started to grow rapidly, This development
was probably associated with enhancement in
communication skill ‘theory of mind’
Subpopulation, New race, New species – speciation in Sri Lanka
Sinhalese
(Buddhists)
Sri Lankan Gypsy people
Hindus (Tamil)
Muslims &
Hindus (Tamil)
Indian Tamils
Vaddah's of Dambana (Indigenous People of Sri Lanka)
Mahiyangana
•Related to the Austro - Asian people
•Speak an Indu Aryan language, which is much different from
Sinhala language.
•These people are characterized by a dark brown complexion
•Long head with hair.
•Total population about 2000
5 Million to 1Million Years Ago (Cont….)

Apes have developed distinctly cultural differences
among their populations
 In
– group solidarity (Collectivism)
 Out group violence (Inequality in Society)
It is thus, likely that along with the genetic
variation, a wide variety of human cultures has
existed throughout ancient time
1 Million to 40,000 Years Ago: Ice and Fire


Ice ages intensified about one million ago, the last ice
age set in about a hundred thousand years ago
During this period:
 Group
Harmony (Laughing, singing, dancing, and so on.
 Respectably clever and good collaborating
 Developed larger brains (All mammals)
 Climate change
 Stone tools and fire
 Food
1 Million to 40,000 Years Ago: Ice and Fire (Cont…)

According to paleoanthropologists
 Small
primary groups (Individualism)
 Secondary groups
 Were
the culture and reproductive unit
 Were large enough to allow for maintenance of genetic variation
 To buffer fluctuations in birthrate between boys and girls (Masculinity and
Femininity)
 Might also fight other cultural groups or might exchange genetic material with them
 Voluntary migration, rape, theft of females and children, or tolerance of a lone
youngster from another band
40,000 to 10,000 Years Ago:
Creative Spark, Extermination

During this period:
 Art
& Technology
 Ex:
Art & Technology
Homo neanderthaliensis
Homo erectus
Southern Africa & Europe
Died out Homo neanderthaliensis (Spain) and Homo
erectus (Indonesian island)
 Homo sapiens had begun to appropriate the earth
 Neanderthals and modern humans may well have mixed
their genes
 World population grew markedly

Neanderthals to Modern Human
40,000 to 10,000 Years Ago:
Creative Spark, Extermination (contd…)

Gender role: (Masculinity vs Femininity)
 Could
be flexible
 Short on males
 Female assistance for hunting
 Mixed marriages
 Marriage prescriptions:
 Allowed
elder men marriage
 Girls were marriage at puberty
 While men normally married at around the age of thirty
 Extramarital sex would occur
 Elopement (instance of running off secretly, as to be married)
 Remarry
This seems to indicate a
more masculine,
and uncertainty
avoiding
40,000 to 10,000 Years Ago:
Creative Spark, Extermination (contd…)

Cultural innovation was spectacular:
 Art
and Technology, hunting techniques started
 People living in small, egalitarian bands
 Mutual exchange
 Foods: being regularly
 Gathering fruits, leaves, seeds, roots, grubs or egg required memory of the
topology of places
 Collaborative planning, mutual support, quick opportunistic reaction
 Group hunting or Violence (Collectivism)
 They probably created a rich variety of languages, songs, stories and ritual
 Traces of trade between group (Small Power distance)
12,000 to 7,500 Years Ago: Village and Agriculture



This was a time of plenty for plant and animal life, allowing humans to
stay in one place for longer periods.
They started to domesticate plants and animals.
Developed into horticulturalists
 Egalitarian
modern society
 It was associate strong hierarchy in society
 Exceeding the most unequal modern industrial economics
12,000 to 7,500 Years Ago: Village and Agriculture
(contd…)

Village: Developing symbolic group identity
Ex: In Sri Lanka, Present day societies and subgroups













Kandiyan Sinhalese (Goyigama)
Southern Sinhalese (Karave, Durava & Salagama)
Northern Tamil
Eastern Tamils
Indian Tamils
Muslims
java Muslims
Indigenous Peoples
Gypsy peoples
Burghers
Malay
Sri Lankan Chetty
Bharatha, and others
12,000 to 7,500 Years Ago: Village and Agriculture (contd…)



Developed cultivation of plants
Uncertainty avoidance seems to be a good adaption to the hazards
of farming life.
This situation requires a certain meekness, associate perhaps with
larger collectivism and power distance.
Individualism would be lower
Masculinity would be higher
Uncertainty avoidance would be notably high
7,500 Years Ago Until Now:
Large – Scale Civilization



Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Egyptian, Persian, Greek, Roman, and
Ottoman empires.
City – level civilization
Sumerian
 religious
rites & beliefs, Military force was created, Becoming fewer in
masculine

Assyrians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans
 Multinational
companies existed, Globalized business (2000 B.C.)
7,500 Years Ago Until Now:
Large – Scale Civilization

Evolutionary universal in society
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Social stratification
Cultural legitimation
Bureaucratic organization
Money and markets
Generalized universalistic norms
Democratic Association
Evolutionary universal in society
1.
Social stratification
 Creating
different classes in society
 Large power distance
2.
Cultural legitimation


Develop male – centered
Monotheistic religions (belief in only one God)
On the basis of a scale of
stratification and the development
of patterns of cultural legitimation
Important in the transition from
primitive social conditions to these
of the ‘archaic’ civilizations.
Cultural legitimation: Religious Rites, Beliefs & Gods
Religious Rites & Beliefs
Gods
Sumerians
Sun, Moon, Earth, Sky, Fresh water, salt water and
Storm
(7 Great Gods)
Islam, Christianity, and Judaism
Monotheistic religions (belief in only one God)
Hindus
Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Ganapati, Avatars of Vishnu
(Rama, Krishna), Saraswati, Lakshmi, Durga Devi,
Indra (the King of Heaven and lord of the gods),
Surya (the sun), Agni (the fire god), Hanuman, the
monkey king and devoted servant, and etc.
Buddhists
Theravada Buddhists, Mahayana Buddhists
Evolutionary universal in society
3. Bureaucratic organization


Plato (427 – 347 B.C.)
Max Weber
4. Money and Markets
5. Generalized Universalistic Norms
6. Democratic Association
Taken together, are fundamental to
the structure of the modern type of
society
Each is highly complex and subject
to a whole series of developmental
stages
Summarizing:




Cultural evolution is a continuing process
Dealing with cross-cultural issues with many excellent examples
Understood the present and future of culture evolution and implicit
models of organization
Did not mention 12000 -10000 period of culture evolution
Implicit Models of Organization
The contest model (winner takes all)
low power distance, high individualism and
masculinity, and fairly low scores on uncertainty
avoidance.
Ex: Australia, New Zealand, UK and USA.
The organization as a family (loyalty and
hierarchy)
Found in societies that score high on power
distance and collectivism and have powerful ingroups and paternalistic leaders.
Ex: China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh,
The pyramidal organization (loyalty, hierarchy
and implicit order)
Found in collective societies with large power
distance and uncertainty avoidance.
Ex: Much of Latin America (especially Brazil),
Greece, Portugal, Russia and Thailand.
The network model (consensus)
Highly individualistic, `feminine´ societies with low
power distance. Everyone is supposed to be
involved in decision-making.
Ex: Scandinavia and the Netherlands.
Nepal and Bhutan.
The well-oiled machine (order)
Found in societies with low power distance and
high uncertainty avoidance, carefully balanced
procedures and rules, not much hierarchy.
Ex: Austria, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary,
German speaking Switzerland.
The solar system (hierarchy and an impersonal
bureaucracy)
Similar to the pyramid structure, but with greater
individualism.
Ex: Belgium, France, Northern Italy, Spain and French
speaking Switzerland.
Sources of cultural diversity and change





Most cultures have ancient roots.(societies with a long standing agricultural tradition
tend to be hierarchical and collectivism)
Cultural diversity happened to new natural environments.(collective migration,
tsunami, earthquake, climate change, overpopulation, political mismanagement)
The major religions of the world, at some time in their history, have all undergone
profound schisms)
Climate change is a major factor.(affluent actively cope poors endure as contrained
by survival needs,
Scientific discoveries and innovations also tend to operate world wide.
The End of History? No!




Human evolution is accelerating
History in the light of evolution will allow something to do for the better
future
Rapid conquest of nature, human environment becoming more important
causing threats and opportunity as well
Expanding moral circle
Moral circle
The Essence of Evolution/The Future of Culture
Evolution is Unavoidable
 Evolution does not look Ahead
 Evolution is Path Dependent
 Evolution Uses Many Replicators
 Evolution Evolves

Evolution is Unavoidable
Anything nonparmanent that exists today must have evolved.
 This holds for all living things viruses, DNA
molecules, cells,
bodies etc.
 Since
evolution across generations is plainly happening for
humans, pets, and diseases, the likely conclusion is that it is
happening to human cultures as well.

Evolution Does Not look Ahead




Selection takes place at the bottom of the fitness scale, at the top,
randomly.
Evolution live by day.
Humans can look ahead.
Humans have to face a duty ,for both moral and pragmatic reasons to
learn from history and to prepare a sustainable world for the creatures
who come after us.
Evolution is Path Dependent




Evolution is always limited by circumstances , notably by its own history.
Any genes, creatures, or cultures that become extinct are lost forever.
Evolution can’t do anything.
Example; People suffer from aches in their lower vertebrae, hips, and
knees because these joints have become more heavily taxed since our
ancestors started to walk upright, perhaps as adaptation to moving in
tall grass)
Evolution Uses Many Replicators



Genes are eminently successful replicator for evolution on our planet.
Society , as a unit of transmission of knowledge and of culture , has also
become a powerful replicator among humans.
Humans can at any point in time be part of many groups with sometimes
ambiguous boundaries.
Evolution Evolves




Evolution has increased in complexity.
Currently we have limited understanding of cultural evolution.
We have mainly biological knowledge of evolution.
Social scientist from various discipline are now beginning to publish
findings about cultural evolution.
Evolution: More than Genes






Selection favored people with a mixed immune system.
Myth of anti-immune system of beloved.
Partner selection behavior to make progeny healthy
Partner selection by religious affiliation, symbolic selection
Symbolic evolution is becoming more and more important.
People have not got rid of old genetic evolution.
Genetic selection






Gene is the basic physical unit of heredity,
Each cell in a human body carries our entire genom
Each egg and sperm cell contains only one of the two sets of 23 chromosomes
When fertilized the half genome of an egg and sperm cell recombine, with some
possible errors which usually called mutations.
Frequency of favorable mutations is directly proportional to total population.
Ex; Different colors of cats in different countries they belong to the same species.
Epigenetic Selection


Proteins, not DNA, are the proximate mechanism of epigenetic variation.
Body cells are identical but the differentiation in various tissues like
neuron, mucle cells etc
Sexual selection





It is a vehicle of genetic selection between individuals.
Example: teenagers spend so much time getting rid of acne, applying
cosmetics, or writing love messages, peacock s impractical have
magnificent tails ,gain attraction for reproduction
In humans strongly related with symbolic group boundaries.
Collectivist society Romeo Juliet, Out members,
It is a special case of behavioral selection
Behavioral Selection



Reaction for smoking changes over time.
It can also proceed through the intermediary of the environment
Groups may burn vegetation to create habitats for grazing animals, and
these or other groups may hunt those animals.
Symbolic selection


Groups that are being persecuted for symbolic reasons usually create
strong responses
Example; Second World War, recent wars and act of terrorism for most
symbolic reason such as wrong religion, language movement of 1952
All Levels Interact






Genetic and epigenetic selection operate at the replicator level of the individuals.
Behavioral and symbolic selection are group-level forces.
Sexual selection can operate at both levels.
Sexual selection uses genetic evolution to spread attractive characteristics through
population.
But constrained by behavioral and symbolic evolution in the form of societal rules.
We are both children and creators of evolution.
Evolution Beyond Selfishness:
Group over Individuals


Groups win over individuals.(example of shipwrecked stranded thirty
people),moral circle
Excellent communication needed for group success.(Ants, for istance, that
builds colonies made up of their own bodies, bees, dolphins etc social
species of animals.
Individuals and Institutions in the Stream of Life




Individuals and society/Institutions (deep cultural values) complement each other.
Because both contribute to understanding what happens in the arena of everyday
life.
Individuals come to the rituals of social life with their personalities and find roles
depending on the nature of the institutions but other levels of grouping ignored.
In course of time both of them learn.
Homeostatic (sameness preserving),both have basic values during lifetime unless
catastrophe, disease etc
Evolution at Work Today






Business
Government
Technology
Language
The web and group agency
Cultural convergence and divergence
Business





Good companies are replicators.
New business creates.
Many factors work in the mechanism of todays business evolution
Organisation national and international, people, culture, economy, rules,
regulations, stakeholders etc.
And these also evolve.
Government
Polities are replicators at the moral circle level.
 Government adopt ideas from another and try to collaborate.
(dictatorship, one-party systems, theocracies, military govt, democracy etc)
Worldwide tendency to find common ground on making the issue global.
Example; Good governance, prevention of corruption, sustainable development)
Technology


Technologies are replicators, invented and improved.
Example ;road transportation .The Romans were the first to build a road
network acroo their empire. They set standard by using wheel carts with
atmost two horses side by side, not three.
Language





Evolution can also be purely symbolic as in the case of language.
Besides being born story tellers we are uncannily good at creating new languages.
Since 10000 B.C. polities and peoplewide languages decreas; d sharply.
Now neologisms for new discoveries, cryptographic languages, cmputer languages,
group based jargons, poetry,dictionary evolving.
Example; political jargon left wing, right wing; internet jargon-FAQ,LOL(laugh out
loud),computer language(HTTP, HTML, Download, Firewall)
The Web and Group Agency





Web and mobile communication network leading to a worldwide culture.
Rapid adoption of social software such as Facebook , Twitter etc.
Sometimes disregard authoritative information.(Spreading as viral)
Social software facilitate group-level selection(maintaining relationship
and moral circle).
It wont eliminate group boundaries but enable existing groups to
organize effectively , building on existing culture.
Cultural Convergence and Divergence





Despite continued close contact s among nations because of value differences
countries will remain culturally diverse.
Rising consciousness among the ethnic groups asking for their political identity.
Through international media affected minorities are comparing their lifestyle with
others.
Ethnic Cleansing ,violent repression are visible and has the effect in increasing
anxiety.
Call for collaboration across different moral circles through selective use of
technology.
Conclusion





Each of us is an integral part of human evolution.
World has become has become smaller because of telecommunication advancement.
We have no choice but to pursue the direction of expansion of moral circle to all
people in the world.
It is not realistic to expect that all world citizens should become alike. Nor is it
desirable or necessary they should do so.
People will differ ,but they have to learn to coexist without wanting others to become
just like them.
Learning Points
New all panacea idea of expanding moral circle.
 Understanding how we acquired our cultures and raise issues
about how to shape our future.
 Understanding cultural evolution is a continuing process.
 Dealing with cross-cultural issues with many excellent examples
 Understanding the present and future of cultural evolution and
biological evolution as well.

Limitation






Social networking, cricket creating virtual culture is somewhat absent in the article.
Philosopy and religion are sitll pretty much divorced from the meterial, biological
world. Neglecting religious notion of the human culture.
Limited understanding of cultural evolution and biological evolution as well.
Although it is not a light chapter to read, according to the length of the content.
The article could be much more scientific and discriptive, so that we can find storng
between relationship cultural evolution and biological evolution.
The wide perspective of culture such as: sports, heritage, music, etc is not describe in
the article.
THANK YOU