Transcript Chapter 22 Notes - Martin`s Mill ISD

Chapter 22 Notes
Life in the Industrial Age
Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Spreads
By the 1880’s….
Steel had replaced steam as the great
symbol of the Industrial Revolution
New industrial powers emerged
New factories with new sources of energy
used new processes for new products
New business organizations created giant
new companies
New Industrial Powers
Britain stood alone early on
– Tried to enforce strict restrictions against exporting
inventions
– Belgium introduced spinning machines and became
first other European country to industrialize
The New Pacesetters
– Some countries had more abundant supplies of coal,
iron, etc. than Britain
Germany, France, United States
– Followed Britain’s lead on advancements
– Germany unites in 1871 and booms
– United States advanced even more rapidly; would
lead world in production by 1900
New Industrial Powers
Uneven Development
– Eastern and Southern Europe were slow to develop because of lack of
resources
– Russia was slow because of social and political conditions
– Japan was able to industrialize without basic resources
Impact
– Social changes
Rapid urbanization
– Factory System
Produced huge quantities of new goods at lower prices than ever before
More people earned more money to buy goods
Demand for goods created more jobs
– Political Changes
Leaders had to meet demands of industrial society
– Globally
Competition between countries exploded and altered world trade
Western powers dominated with technological and economic advantage
Technology and Industry
- The marriage of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth
Steel
– Henry Bessemer: Bessemer process purified iron ore and produced steel
– Rapidly became major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads
Chemicals
– Aspirin, perfumes, soap
– Chemical fertilizers increased food production
– Alfred Nobel invented dynamite (construction, warfare)
Electricity
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Replaced steam as dominant source of power
Michael Faraday developed first electric motor and the dynamo –
Thomas Edison made first electric light bulb
Eventually cables carried power from dynamos to factories
New Methods of Production
– Improved Efficiency
Interchangeable parts Assembly line -
Technology Speeds Transportation
and Communication
The Automobile Age Begins
– German engineer Nikolaus Otto invented gas-powered internal combustible
engine
– After several improvements, Daimler introduced first 4-wheel automobile.
– Henry Ford developed models that reached 25 mph; used assembly line to
mass-produce cars and made U.S. the leader in auto industry
Conquest of Air
– 1903: Wright brothers designed and flew a flimsy airplane that ushered in the air
age
– Would be used for reconnaissance during WWI
– Commercial passenger travel not until 1920’s
Rapid Communication
– Samuel Morse: developed telegraph; first telegraph line went from Baltimore and
Washington DC (1844)
– 1860s: undersea cables relayed messages between Europe and N America
– Alexander Graham Bell: patented the telephone
– Guglielmo Marconi: invented the radio; would become cornerstone of today’s
global communications network
New Directions for Business
Stock –
Rise of Big Business
– Large-scale companies such as steel foundries needed so much
capital that they sold hundreds of thousands of shares.
– These businesses formed giant corporations-
Move Toward Monopolies
– Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts,
corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of
the economy
– John D. Rockefeller
Bought and oil refinery and built it into the Standard Oil Company
Controlled the American petroleum industry
– Cartel -
New Directions for Business
Move Toward Regulation
– “Captains of Industry”
Pointed out that capitalists invested their wealth in
worldwide ventures that employed thousands and
added to general prosperity.
– “Robber Barons”
Any effort to destroy competition damaged the
free-enterprise system.
– By early 1900s, some governments did move
against monopolies and regulate corporations
Section 3
Changing Attitudes and Values
Rights of Women
Temperance Movement –
– Argued drinking threatened family life
The Suffrage Struggle
– Women’s suffrage –
Seneca Falls convention of 1848
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony crusaded
against slavery and women’s rights
Many critics believed women were too emotional to vote;
place was in the home, not the government
Some success in Australia, New Zealand, and western
territories of U.S.
In Europe and rest of U.S. not until after WWI
The Darwin Challenge
Charles Darwin
– Published On the Origin of Species
– Argued that all forms of life had evolved into their
present state over millions of years
Theory of Natural Selection
– Members of each species constantly competed to
survive.
– Natural forces “selected” those with physical traits
best adapted to their environment; became known as
“survival of the fittest”.
– Over time, natural selection would give rise to entirely
new species
The Darwin Challenge
The Darwin Furor
– Theory ignited a furious debate between scientists and
theologians.
– Christians believed the Biblical account of creation was the only
true account.
– Darwin theory reduced people to the level of animals and
undermined belief in God and the soul
– Has always been a source of controversy
Social Darwinism
– Applied the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic
competition
– Industrial tycoons were stronger than competition, war weeded
out the weak nations, victory was proof of superiority.
– Encouraged racism -