Transcript adaptations - Thomas C. Cario Middle School

Geologic Time –add to Unit outline
Time
Period
Examples of
periods
Example What types of
organisms were
s of
Epochs common?
Precambrian
Time
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Bacteria Amoebas
Algae Jellyfish
Mostly Oceans
Oxygen appears in
atmosphere
Paleozoic Era
Cambrian Silurian
Ordovician Devonian
Penn/Mississipian
Permian
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Cambrian “Explosion”
= clams, mollusks,
ferns, Trilobites,
FISH, some land
plants, insects,
amphibians (near end)
Warm, shallow seas
Forests in swampy
areas, Appalachian
mountains,
Pangaea forms
(earliest to
more recent)
What was the
environment
like?
End with Volcanic
eruptions
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Tertiary
Quaternary
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Pliocene
Birds, True reptiles
abundant/dinosaurs,
insects abundant,
cone bearing/palm
trees, flowering plants
Pangaea breaks
apart
Mammals abundant
Rockys, Himilayas,
End with Mass
extinction/asteroid
Check Geologic Time Scale
Video Notes
– p. 14 of packetgreat lakes, ice age
Pleistocene
First grasses
Holocene
toward present day
Throughout geologic time, there
are two major changes…
• Changes in
environment/land
– No more Pangaea, now
separate continents mostly
north of the equator
• Changes in
organisms
– No more mesosaurus,
trilobites or mammoths,
but we do have many
types of lizards,
elephants and horseshoe
crabs
Evidence for these changes
• Fossil record (grouping of similar fossil
species)
• Climate clues (glacial scrapings,
fossils)
• Rock clues (rock layers matching that
are no longer joined)
• Shorelines matching
• Satellite data
What could have caused these
changes?
2 theories of changes in species
over geologic time (Evolution)
• Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics
• Evolution through Natural
Selection
Inheritance of acquired
characteristics
• Proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
• He thought acquired traits could be passed
on to offspring
• Acquired characteristics are traits that are
acquired over time based on the need of an
organism, these are things the organism can
CHOOSE to have and do not need to be born
with or have coded for in their DNA
• Rejected!!! Can’t pass on acquired traits. Only
traits coded for in your genes.
• Example: see next slide
Evolution through Natural
Selection
• Organisms with traits most fit to the
environment (called adaptations) will
survive, reproduce and pass on these
traits to their offspring
• Requires variation – small differences
among a species – within a population of
species (groups of organisms so similar
that they can reproduce fertile offspring)
• Those variations that are beneficial are the
ones selected for in the environment
Evolution by Natural Selection
•
•
•
•
•
Proposed by Charles Darwin
Sometimes called “survival of the fittest”
Takes many generations to see the result
Still accepted today!
Supported by evidence from other
scientists too –Example: A. Wallace
• These traits are determined by genes/DNA
• Example: see next slide
Change over time
Darwin Example
Giraffes have both long and short necks in
population to begin with (variation); those
with short necks couldn’t reach food high in
the trees and therefore died. Those with
longer necks (adaptation) could get more
food and survived so they could pass on
the long-necked trait to their offspring.
Their offspring could also get food and
continued to pass on the trait, while the short
necked giraffes continued to die until only
long necked giraffes remain.
Lamarck Example
Giraffe needed to get to leaves on
tops of trees, so they stretched
their necks and over the giraffes
lifetime it was able to reach the
leaves and then passed that
acquired trait on to its offspring.
ADAPTATIONS:
Traits that are beneficial to an
organisms survival, allow
them to meet their basic
needs so they can reproduce
What is a trait?
• A characteristic of an organism
– Can be acquired (ear piercing/tattoo) or based
on DNA (eye color/skin color)
– Can be physical or behavioral
• Adaptations apply only to those traits
based on DNA
• The environment and needs of an
organism determine which adaptations are
“most fit”
What does an
organism need for
survival?
•Need to reproduce (keep their
species alive, care for young)
•Need to stay uneaten
•Need to remain healthy (get
food, water)
•Vary depending on
environment and type of
organism (plants need different
things than animals)
What do animals
NEED to
survive?
What do plants
NEED to
survive?
What happens if an organisms
traits are not fit to the
environment?
• EXTINCTION!
• Causes?
– All of the
members of a
species are dead.
– Example:
mammoths,
Glossopteris
– Ice ages
– Overhunting
– Disease
– Natural disaster
such as meteor
hitting earth (NOT
things like hurricanes
or tornadoes though)
– Climate change
– Loss of habitat
What have you learned so far?
• Look at p. 22,
study the diagram.
• On the TOP OF p.
21, write out what
you only see in
Darwin and only
see in Lamarck’s
diagrams in the
table. Then write
down some
similarities.
• Answer your DSQ:
A)What is being
“selected for” in the
process of natural
selection? B) Who
proposed this
idea.?
Changes in traits can be caused by
mutations – NOT by the choice of
the organism
A mutation is a change in an
organism DNA that occurs
at random, this can result in
three possibilities:
•No change at all in the trait
•A beneficial/helpful change
(good features that didn’t
exist in parent)
•A change that is harmful to
the organism (bad features
that didn’t exist in parent)
2 Main Types of Adaptations
Structural:
Physical
adaptations,
features of an
organism that
are visible
1. Body Parts
2. Coloring
–
–
–
Protective
Coloration
Warning
Coloration
Mimicry
Behavioral: Things an
organism DOES that can
be inherited or based on
genes; instincts
Arched back = bigger and scarier
More Behavioral Adaptations
“I do a dance
to tell my
friends where
to find the
nectar-rich
flowers.”
What am I
doing to
protect
myself from
enemies?
How do I
survive the
cold winters in
the US and
Canada?
Migration
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Beekeeping/beedance.htm
The Ability to Learn
is a behavioral adaptation, too . . .
• Your ability to learn is an inherited behavior…
parents passed it on to you.
your
• What you actually learn is not inherited
Example:
Teaching a dog to sit up & roll
over…
The dog did not inherit the
knowledge & cannot pass it on
to its puppies.
Can you think of another example?
What is the difference between…
Behavioral Adaptations & Learned Behaviors
•INSTINCTIVE
•INHERITED
•PASSED ON TO
OFFSPRING
•NOT INHERITED
•CAN’T PASS
THEM ON
•Acquired characteristic
Animals with PROTECTIVE
Coloration
• Blending in to the
environment
(camouflage)
• Hide from
predators or sneak
up on prey
How can colors be helpful or harmful to animals?
Katydids camouflage to a wide variety of
environments. Can you find the katydid
in each picture?
Animals with WARNING Coloration
Bright coloring on
an organisms body
(plant or animal) to
warn predators of
being poisonous
Poison Dart Frog
I’M WARNING
YOU! I DON’T
TASTE GOOD!
Animals that use MIMICRY
Imitating another organism
through their looks, not by
choice or actions.
THIS MOTH CATERPILLAR
DEFENDS ITSELF BY LOOKING
A LOT LIKE A SNAKE
Can you tell which snake is the
venomous eastern coral snake?
WHY AM I
SO
CLEVER?
How am I using mimicry to protect
myself from predators?
The one on the left is just a FLY and not a bee at
all! It is just a mimic and it is hoping that it
tricked you. Because after all, you probably
wouldn't be scared of a little old fly!
TWIG?
Why would plants
need structural
adaptations?
1. To help attract pollinators
2. Capture sunlight
3. Defense
4. Disperse seeds
What adaptations does a SPIDER
have to help him meet his needs?
http://www.saskschools.ca/~bcsch/adapt/spiders/pic1.html
What are some
adaptations a
WOODPECKER
has?
•Long, sturdy beak
•Sharp claws
•Sticky tongue
•Tail
•Builds a nest
DOES A TREE HAVE ADAPTATIONS TOO?
Penguin ADAPTATIONS
• What adaptations do BEAVERS have?
What adaptations do
OPOSSUMS have?
Why am I “Playing
Possum”?
Adaptations Webquest
http://teacher.scholastic.com/dirtrep
/animal/dirtform.asp