Transcript Unit 10: Evolution

UNIT 10: EVOLUTION
BIOLOGY CP
WARM UP
• Present Day Giraffes are believed to have evolved from
ancestors that resembled a horse. There have been
different theories about how this could have occurred. The
two main ideas are listed on your handout.
• Which of these 2 theories do you agree with most?
Explain your position in as much detail as possible.
GALLERY “WALK”
• Each group will be given 2 minutes to look at each of the
following diagrams (to be provided by teacher).
• For each diagram you need to record one thing about evolution
you know or observe from the diagram. You must also write a
question or comment relating to what you want to know about
evolution in relation to the diagram.
• Pass the given table with the corresponding diagram to the next
group.
Group #
1
2
3
4
5
What do you know?
What do you want to know?
TIMER
http://www.timeanddate.com/timer/
MISCONCEPTION VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZt1Gn0R22Q
WHO IS THE FATHER OF EVOLUTION?
Why, that’s CHARLES DARWIN, of course!!
Evolution
Darwin on the HMS Beagle
A. Darwin’s role
1. Naturalist
i.
Collect biological and geological specimens
2. Companion to the captain
Evolution
The Galápagos Islands
A. Darwin collected mockingbirds, finches, and
other animals on the four islands
1. Noticed different islands seemed to have slightly
different varieties of animals
A. Almost every
specimen that
Darwin had
collected on the
islands was new
to European
scientists
B. Populations from the mainland changed after
reaching the Galápagos
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/darwin/origin/inde
x.html
ADAPTATIONS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IiP-9VzY9w
DARWIN OBSERVATION GAME
Are you as observant as Charles Darwin?
I have removed an object from the classroom, see if you
can determine what has been removed!
WARM UP 1: EVIDENCE OF
EVOLUTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are fossils?
What is the geologic time scale?
When was the origin of the earth?
Which layer of rock is the oldest, which is the youngest?
EVIDENCE FOR
EVOLUTION
UNIT 10 EVOLUTION
I. RELATIVE AGES OF ROCKS
A.
Law of Superposition
1.
In horizontal
sedimentary rock
layers, the oldest layer
is at the bottom
2.
Each upper layer
(higher layer) is
younger than those
below
II. FOSSILS
A.
The fossil record
1.
Fossils provide a record of species that lived long
ago
2.
Fossils show that ancient species share similarities
with species that now live on Earth
III. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
A. Model that expresses major geological and
biological events in Earth’s history
B.
Divided into Precambrian time and
Phanerozoic eon
1. Eras of Phanerozoic eon
i.
ii.
iii.
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
C. Each era
1. Divided into one or more periods
IMAGINE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE AS A
FOOTBALL FIELD (WE WILL USE THIS LATER)
FOSSIL ROCK ANTHEM
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClJ5lwl_wM0
IV. EMBRYOLOGY
A. Vertebrate embryos
1. Exhibit homologous
2.
structures during
certain phases of
development
Become totally
different structures in
the adult forms
EMBRYOLOGY ACTIVITY
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/guessembryo.html
• In this activity we will try and determine which adult
animal matches an embryo
V. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
A. Derived traits
1. Newly evolved features, such as feathers
2. Do not appear in the fossils of common
ancestors
B.
Ancestral traits
1. More primitive features, such as teeth and tails
2. Do appear in ancestral forms
V. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY CONT.
C. Homologous structures
1.
Anatomically similar structures inherited
from a common ancestor
E. ANALOGOUS TRAITS
E. Analogous structures
1. that have similar form or function, but were not present in the
last common ancestor of those groups
**** write at bottom of notes
V. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY CONT.
D.
Vestigial Structures
1. Structures or reduced forms of functional
structures (little to no purpose)
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE ACTIVITY
• You and your table partner will be working as a pair to
determine where on the geologic time scale (football
field) different events in time are located.
• You will be taking turns making a human bar graph (1
partner at a time will stand on the “football field” and
estimate where you think these events occurred.
WARM UP 2: EVIDENCE OF
EVOLUTION
** (Earth= 4.6 billion years old)
1. What is the geologic time scale?
2. What is a derived trait? Give an example.
3. What is an ancestral trait? Give an example.
4. What is the difference between homologous and
analogous structures?
NATURAL SELECTION
I. NATURAL SELECTION
A.
B.
C.
Individuals in a population show variations
D.
Variations that increase reproductive success will have a
greater chance of being passed on
Variations can be inherited
Organisms have more offspring than can survive on
available resources
II. VARIATIONS
A.
Variation: any difference between individuals of the
same species
III. TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS
A.
Adaption
1. Trait shaped by natural selection
2. Increases an organism’s reproductive success
B.
Types
1. Camouflage
2. Mimicry
3. Other coloration patterns
IV. FITNESS
A.
Fitness
1. Measure of relative contribution an individual trait makes to
the next generation
MICE VIDEO
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-naturalselection-and-adaptation
WARM UP 3: ANGRY BIRD LAB
1. What was the variation seen in the Angry birds?
2. Which bird was best fit for the environment (think about the
adaptations)?
As stated in the lab, many people think that adapting to the
environment and evolving are a choice. Based on this lab, were you
able to change or adapt by choice?
3. What happened to the birds that were not able to get enough food (2
or less seeds)?
4. What happened to the animals that were able to get a lot of food (10
or more seeds)?
5. How does this affect the future population?
** Have vocab and angry bird out and ready!!
TYPES OF SELECTION
EVOLUTION
I. IMPORTANT TERMS
A.
Frequency
1. How often something is occurring
B.
Mean
1. Average
THINK ABOUT
Does Natural Selection act on the individual or
the population?
II. SEXUAL SELECTION
A.
evolution within a population
1. observable change in the allele frequencies
2. can result from natural selection
III. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
A.
graphs as a bell-shaped curve.
1. highest frequency near mean value
2. frequencies decrease toward each extreme value
B.
A population follows a normal distribution when:
1. Traits not undergoing natural selection have a normal
distribution.
IV. TYPES OF SELECTION
A.
Directional selection favors phenotypes at one extreme.
1. Ex. Bacteria and high drug resistance
IV. TYPES OF SELECTION
A.
Stabilizing selection favors the intermediate phenotype.
1. Ex. Size of gall fly
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
How might the extinction of the woodpecker
affect the phenotypic distribution of the gall
fly?
IV. TYPES OF SELECTION
C. Disruptive selection favors both extreme phenotypes.
1.
Ex. Body color in male lazuli buntings
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
If bluish brown coloring became advantageous
for young males, what type of selection would
likely occur?
WARM UP 4: TYPES OF SELECTION
1.
2.
Describe an organism and the environment it lives in.
What is one trait that natural selection works upon in
this organism? What is doing the selecting ex: predator
or temperature (basically, what is causing these
organisms to be successful or die off)?
3. What type of selection distribution is occurring?
4. Draw out a graph of the selection distribution for your
organism.
I. GENETIC DRIFT
A.
change in allele frequencies due to chance, causes a
loss of genetic diversity.
B.
How it works
1. It is most common in small populations.
2. Due to a chance event allele frequencies are increased,
decreased, or even eliminated
I. GENETIC DRIFT
A. Genetic drift has negative effects on a population.
1. Decreases genetic variation
2. Less likely to have some individuals that can
adapt
3. Harmful alleles can become more common due
to chance
SURVIVAL OF THE SEXIEST
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ezc3aO4RSk
II. SEXUAL SELECTION
A.
occurs when certain traits increase mating success and
become common in the population
B.
How it works
1. Females preferentially mate with males that display certain
traits
2. Those traits are passed on to offspring and become
exaggerated each generation.
SAGE GROUSE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KdOvNSDxws
II. SEXUAL SELECTION
C. There are two types of sexual selection.
1.
2.
intrasexual selection: competition among males
intersexual selection: males display certain traits to
females
SEXUAL SELECTION DOCUMENTARY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4j7GSu99LmY
WARM UP 5: GENETIC DRIFT/ SEXUAL
SELECTION
1.
2.
What are the 2 types of sexual selection?
In sexual selection why do males have the exaggerated traits
and not females?
3. What is genetic drift?
4. Genetic drift decrease ___________ _________
5. Genetic drift usually occurs in these types of populations.
** Turn in make your own species
SPECIATION
I. SPECIATION
A.
The rise of two or more
species from one existing
species
1. Isolated populations adapt to
their own environments
a.
Isolated = no gene flow
2. Genetic differences can add up
over generations to make new
species
II. TYPES OF ISOLATION
A.Reproductive isolation
1. members of different
populations cannot mate
successfully
2. final step to becoming
separate species
II. TYPES OF ISOLATION
B. Behavioral isolation
1. Differences in courtship or mating
behaviors prevents reproduction
between populations
a. Examples:
1. Firefly and light patterns
2. Bird dances
3. Whale songs
BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nS1tEnfkk6M
II. TYPES OF ISOLATION
C.
Geographic Isolation
1. physical barriers divide a
population into two or more
groups
a. Example: Isthmus of
Panama separating Pacific
and Atlantic Oceans
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDPsZPKSEFg
II. TYPES OF ISOLATION
D. Temporal
Isolation
1. timing of reproductive periods or
courtship prevents reproduction
between populations
a. Example: Different
flowering/pollination times in plants
BILL NYE, ANYONE?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svHQ4BQY__o