Transcript Activities 1

1. The scientific process involves…
A. the acceptance of all hypotheses.
B. rejection of hypotheses that are inconsistent
with experimental results.
C. the acceptance of only data consistent with the
hypothesis.
D. the acceptance of hypothesis as a fact even
after subsequent non-confirmation with
experimental results.
E. the formulation of theories without
experimentation or obtaining proof.
2. Gingko trees lose leaves every Fall season.
These trees may lose their leaves in response
to decreasing day length. The italicized
sentence is an example of…
A. deductive reasoning
B. an experiment
C. a hypothesis
D. inductive reasoning
E. a theory
3. Which of the following is a good example of hypothesis-driven
research?
A. You are interested in studying the effect of chocolate consumption on
test grades. You hand out a chocolate bar to half of the people in the
class and instruct them to eat it immediately prior to taking the test.
After the test you analyze the grade distribution to see how grades were
affected by chocolate consumption.
B. You are interested in studying the effect of chocolate consumption on
test grades. You hand out a chocolate bar to everyone in the class and
instruct them to eat it immediately prior to taking the test. After the test
you analyze the grade distribution to see how these grades differed from
the last exam when no one ate any chocolate.
C. You propose that the consumption of chocolate immediately prior to
taking the biology midterm will result in a high grade. You hand out a
chocolate bar to half of the people in the class and instruct them to eat it
immediately prior to taking the test. After the test you analyze the grade
distribution to determine if students who ate chocolate got higher grades
than students who did not eat chocolate.
D. You decide that the consumption of chocolate immediately prior to
taking the biology midterm will impact grades. You hand out a chocolate
bar to everyone in the class and instruct them to eat it immediately prior
to taking the test. After the test you analyze the grade distribution to see
how these grades differed from the last exam when no one ate any
chocolate.
The three major domains of Life on Earth
are:
a.The Plants, the Animals, the Bacteria
b.The Protists, the Bacteria, the eukaryotes
c.The Bacteria, the Archaea, the Eukaryotes
d.The Archaea, the Plants, the Animals
6. The same basic array of bones is modified to give rise to
the wing of a bat and the fin of a porpoise. Such features
are called…
A. analogous.
B. uniform.
C. homologous.
D. inherited.
E. evolutionary modifications.
7. Organismal features that have similar structure and
function but different evolutionary origins are called…
A. homologous.
B. analogous.
C. inherited.
D. uniform.
E. evolutionary modifications.
Phylogenetic analysis has revealed that in vertebrates and insects,
eyes are analogous, rather than homologous, structures.
Interestingly, however, more recent molecular genetic analysis
determined that the homeodomain protein Pax6 is a key regulator
of eye development in both vertebrates and insects.
4. Analogous structures
A. have the same evolutionary origin, structure and function.
B. have similar functions and evolutionary origins, but differ in
structure.
C. have the same evolutionary origin, but now differ in structure
and function.
D. have similar functions, but different evolutionary origins.
5. The function of Pax6 in eye development can be viewed as an
example of
A. an emergent property.
B. evolutionary conservation.
C. comparative anatomy.
D. natural selection.
Birds
Bats
Evolution of four limbs
Evolution of tetrapod
flight
An Information Flow in Biology Primer
replication (mutation!)
genes
Nucleic acids ~
“software”
DNA
(nucleotides)
transcription
messages
RNA
(nucleotides)
translation
Protein
(amino acids)
~ “hardware”
Chapter VI
…Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -- To suppose that the
eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to
different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the
correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been
formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the
highest possible degree.
Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and
complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful
to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever
so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case;
and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an
animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing
that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection,
though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real.…
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species
Chapter VI
Chapter VI
Chapter VI
…Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -- To
suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances
for adjusting the focus to different distances, for
admitting different amounts of light, and for the
correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could
have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely
confess, absurd in the highest possible degree.
…Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -- To
suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances
for adjusting the focus to different distances, for
admitting different amounts of light, and for the
correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could
have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely
confess, abserd in the highest possible degree.
…Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -- To
suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances
for adjusting the focus to different distances, for
admitting different amounts of light, and for the
correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could
have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely
confess, abserd in the highest possible degree.
Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a
perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and
simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be
shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so
slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is
certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in
the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing
conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a
perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural
selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can
hardly be considered real. …
Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a
perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and
simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be
shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so
slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is
certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in
the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing
conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a
perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural
selection, though insuperible by our imagination, can
hardly be considered real. …
Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a
perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and
simple, each grade being useful to its possesser, can be
shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so
slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is
certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in
the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing
conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a
perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural
selection, though insuperible by our imagination, can
hardly be considered real. …
Chapter VI
Chapter VI
Chapter VI
…Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -- To
suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances
for adjusting the focus to different distances, for
admitting different amounts of light, and for the
correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could
have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely
confess, abserd in the highest possible degree.
…Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -- To
suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances
for adjusting the focus to different distances, for
admitting different amounts of light, and for the
correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could
have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely
confess, abserd in the highest possible degree.
Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a
perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and
simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be
shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so
slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is
certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in
the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing
conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a
perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural
selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can
hardly be considered real. …
Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a
perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and
simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be
shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so
slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is
certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in
the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing
conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a
perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural
selection, though insuperible by our imagination, can
hardly be considered real. …
Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a
perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and
simple, each grade being useful to its possesser, can be
shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so
slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is
certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in
the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing
conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a
perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural
selection, though insuperible by our imagination, can
hardly be considered real. …
…Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -- To
suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances
for adjusting the focus to different distances, for
admitting different amounts of light, and for the
correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could
have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely
confess, abserd in the highest possible degree.
Chapter VI
Chapter VI
Chapter VI
Chapter VI
Chapter VI
Chapter VI
Chapter IV
Chapter IV
Chapter IV
Chapter IV
Chapter IV
Chapter IV
Protein A
Protein B
Species 5
GNAGYGAEALERM
Species 5
LCNSIGSLFQTFSI
Species 6
GNAGYGAEALERM
Species 6
LCNSTGSLFQTFAI
Species 2
NHAAFGAEALERM
Species 2
LCNSTGSLFQTFAI
Species 3
NHSAYGAEALERM
Species 3
LCNSTGSLFQTFAI
Species 1
AHAGYGAEALERM
Species 1
LCNSIGSLFQTFSI
Species 4
GHAGYGGEALDRT
Species 4
LCNSIGSLFQTFSI
A
B
C
Discuss!
• Discuss your answer in
your group; what
strategy did you use?
• Do you want to change
your answer? Two
minutes!
4
1
Species Key
species 1 = Human
2 = Sperm Whale
3 = Dolphin
4 = Dog
5 = Fruit Bat
6 = Horseshoe Bat
• write the species names out on the tips of your bestsupported tree
• Why might data from these two genes support
different hypotheses: write list on table
• What kind of evidence/information would
help you distinguish between your different
ideas?
• Feel free to ask DM for help
Two genes (proteins) determine different
phylogenetic relationships
• Hemoglobin
– Transports oxygen in Red
Blood cells
– Highly conserved
• Prestin
www.cell.com
– Inner ear motor protein
– Role in high frequency sound
detection
– Certain variants important in
acquisition of echolocation
news.rice.com
What evolutionary process best
explains the dichotomy?
A. convergent evolution in
prestin;echolocation evolved twice
– prestin function is analogous in
bats and whales
echolocation
B. convergent evolution in globin;
echolocation evolved once –
prestin function is homlogous among
whales and echolocating bats
echolocation
echolocation
Fig. 1.14
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