Transcript Pppt
What you need to know:
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The major goals of the Human Genome Project
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How prokaryotic genomes compare to eukaryotic genomes.
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The activity and role of transposable elements and
retrotransposons.
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How evo-devo relates to our understanding of the evolution
of genomes.
•
The role of homeotic genes and homeoboxes.
Human Genome Project
Purpose: to sequence the entire human
genome
Completed in 2003
>1,200 genomes sequenced now (1000
bacteria, 80 archaea, & 124 eukaryotic
species)
Human Genome Project
Human DNA
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3 billion base pairs
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~20,000 genes
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Only 1.5% codes for
proteins (or RNA)
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Repetitive DNA:
sequences present in
multiple copies
Transposable Elements
Make up 75% of repetitive DNA
Can be moved from one location to another
in genome
Discovered by Barbara McClintock – corn
breeding experiments
2 Types:
Transposons
Retrotransposons
Transposons
Moves within genome via DNA intermediate
“cut & paste” or “copy & paste” mechanisms
Requires enzyme transposase
Retrotransposons
Move by means of RNA intermediate
Leaves copy at original site
Involves enzyme reverse transcriptase
Genome Evolution
Duplication genes with related functions
Genes diverge by accumulating mutations
Some become nonfunctional pseudogenes
Eventually, new genes with new functions
can occur
Multigene Families
Collections of 2 or more identical or very
similar genes
Eg. hemoglobin: -globin and -globin gene
families
Illustrative Example:
Antifreeze Gene in Fish
Antifreeze proteins (AFP): produced by vertebrates,
plants, fungi, bacteria to aid survival in sub-zero
environments
Function: bind to ice crystals and prevent growth
Antarctic fish: old protein gene transformed into a new
gene with new structure/function
Gene mutates duplicated divergent evolution
Transpositions chromosomal rearrangements
Transposable elements contribute
to evolution
Promote recombination, disrupt genes or
control elements, & carry genes to new
locations
May be harmful or lethal, but can also have
small beneficial effects
Provides raw material for natural selection
Evolutionary Development
(Evo-devo)
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Compares developmental processes to
understand how changes can lead to evolution of
organisms
Homeotic genes: master regulatory genes
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Control placement and spatial
organization of body parts
Homeobox: widely conserved 180nucleotide sequence within homeotic (Hox)
genes
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Found in many groups (fungi, animals,
plants)
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Hints at relatedness between all life
forms
Conservation of
homeotic genes