Transcript Nerve activates contraction

Ch. 52 Review
Names the biomes labeled a-f in the climograph.
Ch. 51 Warm-Up
1. What is something that you can do that you have
been able to do since birth?
2. What is one behavior that you learned by watching
someone else?
3. List some ways that animals communicate.
Ch. 51 Warm-Up
1. What is the difference between proximate and
ultimate causes of behavior?
2. Explain the difference between kinesis and taxis.
3. What are the 4 common modes of animal
communication?
Ch. 51 Warm-Up
1. What do you think is the advantage for a
species to be:
 Monogamous?
 Polygamous?
2. Describe an example of when you have
participated in reciprocal altruism.
Chapter 51
Animal Behavior
You Must Know:
• How behaviors are the result of natural selection
• How innate and learned behaviors increase
survival and reproductive fitness
• How organisms use communication to increase
fitness
• The role of altruism and inclusive fitness in kin
selection
What is behavior?
 Behavior: what an animal does and how it does it
 Response to stimuli in its environment
 Both genetic & environmental factors
 Essential for survival and reproduction
 Subject to natural selection over time
Why do we study behavior?
 Ethology: study of animal behavior
 Evolutionary perspective…
 Part of phenotype
 Acted upon by natural selection
 Lead to greater fitness?
 Lead to greater survival?
 Lead to greater reproductive success?
 Scientists
 Niko Tinberger –Seagull chicks feeding
 Karl von Frisch –Dancing Bees
 Konrad Lorenz -Imprinting
Understanding behavior
 Proximate cause: environmental causes that trigger a
behavior
 Immediate stimulus & mechanism
 “how” a behavior occurs or is modified
 Ultimate cause: causes that focus on evolutionary
significance
 How does a behavior contribute to survival & reproduction
 “why” a behavior in context of natural selection
Male Songbird
-How does the day length
influence breeding?
-Why do cranes breed in the
spring?
Male Songbird
-What triggers
singing?
-How does he sing?
BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male
sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as
a sign stimulus that releases aggression in a male stickleback.
ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks,
a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting
territory will be fertilized by another male.
Evolutionary Perspective
 What is the adaptive advantages of behavior?
 innate behaviors
 automatic, fixed, “built-in”, no “learning curve”
 despite different environments, all individuals
exhibit the behavior
 ex. early survival, reproduction, kinesis, taxis
 learned behaviors
 modified by experience
 variable, changeable
 flexible with a complex & changing
environment
Innate behaviors: FAPs
1.Fixed action patterns (FAPs):
sequence of unlearned acts that are
unchangeable and usually carried to
completion
• Triggered by sign stimulus
• Ensures that activities essential to
survival are performed correctly
without practice
• Eg. goose & egg
Sign stimuli in a
classic fixed
action patternStickleback fish
Proximate Cause–The red belly of the
intruding male acts as a stimulus that
releases aggression in male sticklebacks.
Ultimate Cause–By chasing away other
male sticklebacks a male decreases the
chance that eggs laid in his territory will
be fertilized by another male.
2. Innate Behaviors: Directed Movements
 Kinesis: simple change in activity or turning rate in
response to a stimulus
Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay
in a moist environment.
 Taxis: change in direction, automatic movement, oriented
movement +/- from stimulus (eg. phototaxis, chemotaxis,
geotaxis)
Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the direction
from which most food comes.
3. Innate Behavior: Migration
 Regular, long-distance change in location
 Environmental cues: sun, stars, earth’s
magnetic field, landmarks
Learned behaviors: behaviors that are modified
based on specific experiences
Types of Learning
1. Habituation: loss of
responsiveness to stimuli that
convey little or no information
 Simple form of learning
 “cry-wolf” effect
 decrease in response to repeated
occurrences of stimulus
 enables animals to disregard
unimportant stimuli
 ex: falling leaves not triggering
fear response in baby birds
Types of Learning
2. Imprinting: learning + innate
components
 Limited to sensitive period in life,
generally irreversible
 ie. Lorenz’ imprinting in greylag
geese
BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental
stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away
from them and calling.
ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and
imprint on their mother receive more care and learn
necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of
surviving than those that do not follow their mother.
Sensitive Phase
 Sensitive phase for optimal imprinting
 some behavior must be learned during a receptive time
period

Some species of Cuckoo are brood parasites –They lay their eggs in other birds nests. Here a
Reed Warbler is raising a Cuckoo chick. These chicks typically hatch first and then eject the
other chick from the nest. Song development is innate and occurs during adulthood
• Captive breeding programs for endangered
species must provide proper imprinting
models
Pilot wearing crane suit acts as a surrogate parent to teach young
whooping cranes a migration route
3. Spatial Learning
 Cognitive Map: internal representation of
spatial relationship among objects in an
animal’s surroundings
Birds use spatial maps to relocate
nut caches
Some organisms move
in response to a
recognized object or
environmental cue, a
landmark.
Nest
No nest
Nest
4. Associative Learning: ability to associate one
stimulus with another (eg. monarchs = foul taste)
A. Classical conditioning: arbitrary stimulus
associated with particular outcome (eg.
Pavlov’s dogs: salivate with ringing bell)
Classic Conditioning
 Pavlov’s Dogs -connect reflex behavior (salivating at
sight of food) to associated stimulus (ringing bell)
B. Operant conditioning: another type of associative
learning
 Trial-and-error learning
 Associate its own behavior with reward or
punishment
Skinner’s Box –mouse leans to associate behavior
(pressing level) with reward (food pellets).
5. Cognition: process of knowing that involves
awareness, reasoning, recollection, judgment
 Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition
6. Social learning: learning by observing others
Vervet monkeys learning
correct use of alarm
calls.
Examples of learned animal behavior
 Nut-cracking crow (2:16)
 TED Talk: Amazing intelligence of crows (11:34)
 Chimpanzee problem solving (1:02)
 Chimpanzee problem solving by cooperation
(2:14)
Foraging: food-obtaining behavior
 Recognize, search for, capturing, and consuming food
 Minimize costs / Maximize benefits
Energy costs and benefits in foraging behavior
Social Behaviors
 Interactions between individuals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
develop as evolutionary adaptations
communication / language
agonistic behaviors
dominance hierarchy
cooperation
altruistic behavior
1. Evolutionary Adaptations
 Behaviors can be directed
by genes
 Certain behaviors in
prairie voles are under
relatively strong genetic
control
 ADH (vasopressin)
triggers pair-bond
formation and aggression
by male voles
 Differences in oxytocin (a hormone) receptors
in 2 species of voles
 Monogamous prairie voles vs. promiscuous
montane voles
High oxytocin levels in
prairie voles
Low oxytocin levels in
montane voles
2. Communication
 A. Honeybee dance
language
 (Karl von Frisch –Dancing
Bees)
 Used to inform other
bees about distance
and direction of travel
to food sources
 “waggle dance”
2. Communication
 B. Bird Song
 species identification & mating ritual
 mixed learned & innate
 critical learning period
 C. Insect Song
 mating ritual & song
 innate, genetically controlled
3. Agonistic behavior: threats, rituals, and sometimes
combat; settles disputes over resources (mates)
-Symbolic, usually no harm done, male competition for mating rights
ex: territoriality, competitor aggression
A. Mating Behavior & Mate Choice
 Sexual selection: seeking and
attracting mates, choosing and
competing for mates
Promiscuous
Monogamous
Polygamous
(polygynous)
Polyandry
Partners
Many
One
1 M + many F
1F + many M
Structure
Showy
Similar
Showy male
Showy female
Care
None
Much
Male = little
Male = none
B. Sexual selection
 Intrasexual selection-
competition among males
(ex bighorn sheep)
 Intersexual selection- males
display certain traits to
attract females (ex peacocks)
 Not caused by natural selection
 Differ in mating success
 Males compete, woman choose
 Males sperm endless, woman
eggs limited
 Female choose traits that show
healthy male- Honest
indicators
4. Dominance Hierarchy
 social ranking within a group
 pecking order
5. Cooperation
 working together in
coordination
6. Altruistic social behavior
 Altruism = selfless behavior
 Reduce individual fitness but increase fitness of others
in population
 i.e. bee societies; naked mole rats
 Inclusive fitness: total effect of producing own
offspring (pass on genes) + helping close relatives
 Kin selection: type of natural selection; altruistic
behavior enhances reproductive success of relatives
What does this mean? Explain.
 Geneticist J.B.S. Haldane: “I won’t lay down my life
for one brother, but I would lay down my life for
two brothers or eight cousins.”
Signal: stimulus that causes a change in
behavior; basis of animal communication
 Visual signals – eg. Warning flash of white of a
mockingbird's wing
 Tactile (touch) – eg. Male fruit fly taps female fly
 Auditory signals – screech of blue jay or song of warbler
Courtship behavior of fruit flies
Social Interaction Requires Communication:
 Pheromones
 chemical signal that stimulates a response from other
individuals
 alarm pheromones
 sex pheromones
Ants use
pheromones to
mark their trails.
Female Mosquito use CO2
Concentrations to locate prey
Marking territory with urine
Female lions lure males with sex
pheromones, posture, and movement
Circadian Rhythm: internal biological clock
The circadian clock in the hamster brain signals a
change in coat color according to season by releasing
the hormone melatonin.
The Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) region is located in
the hypothalamus of the brain. The SCN sends signals
throughout the body in response to dark and light.
Plants can have two
internal clocks: one
sensitive to light and
the other sensitive to
temperature
 More on Clock Genes:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/inheritance/clockgenes/
Review Question
Natural selection favors behaviors that increase
survival and reproductive behaviors. For each of
the following types of behaviors, describe an
example in nature, and justify how this behavior
is adaptive.
(a) Innate behavior
(b) Learned behavior
(c) Cooperative behavior
(d) Chemical signals
Concept Check Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Everything an animal does & how it does it._________
Change in rate of movement in response to a
stimulus _______________________
These are behaviors that are modified by experience
and as a result are variable or changeable ___________
The releaser that triggers a FAP. ______________________
Both a learned and an innate behavior when social
attachments are formed. ______________________________