Transcript Innate behavior

Plant & Animal
Adaptations
Mrs. Geist, Swansboro High School
Biology, Fall 2010-2011
Plant Adaptations
Challenges to
Life on Land
1. Obtaining
Resources
2. Staying upright
Plant Adaptation
a. Below ground- roots absorb
water & minerals
b. above ground- shoots bear
leaves which photosynthesize
a. lignin: a chemical that
hardens the cell wall
Plant Adaptations
Challenges to
Life on Land
Plant Adaptation
3. Maintaining Moisture
a. waxy cuticle coats the leaves &
stems, helping them to retain water.
b. gases are exchanged through
stomata (tiny pores in leaf’s surface)
• guard cells- regulate the
opening/closing of each stoma
•
open at night to allow for gas
exchange
• closed during the day to prevent
evaporation of water
Plant Adaptations
Challenges to
Life on Land
Plant Adaptation
4. Reproduction-
a. produce gametes in a protective
jacket
b. sperm travel in pollen grains, which
are moved by wind or animals
c. eggs remain inside tissues of
“mother” plant & are fertilized there
d. embryos dispersed in protective
seeds
Animal Adaptations--Innate Behaviors
(Ch. 33, Section 1)
 Innate behavior- inherited behavior of
animals
 Natural Selection- Individuals with
behavior that makes them more
successful at surviving and reproducing
often produce more offspring than
individuals without the behaviors.
 Offspring inherit genetic basis for
successful behavior
 Reflex- simple, automatic response to a
stimulus that involves no conscious control
 Ex: when you touch a hot stove, you jerk
your hand away from the hot surface
Animal Adaptations--Innate Behaviors
 Fight-or-Flight response-
when you are scared, your
body is prepared to either
fight or run from the
danger
 Automatic
 Controlled by hormones
and the nervous system
Innate Behaviors--Instincts
 Instinct- complex pattern of
innate behaviors
 Courtship behavior-
behavior that males and
females of a species carry out
before mating
 Territoriality- an animal
defends a physical space
against other members in its
species
 Territory may contain
breeding areas, feeding
areas, or potential mates
Doves in courtship flight.
Innate Behaviors--Instincts
 Aggressive behavior- used to
intimidate another animal of
the same species
 Defend young, their
territory, or resources
 Ex: bird calling, teeth
baring, growling
 Dominance hierarchy- form
of social ranking within a
group
 Usually one top-ranking,
dominant individual
 Individuals in each level
subordinate to the one
above
Innate behavior
 Circadian rhythm- 24-hour, light-regulated, sleep/wake
cycle of behavior
 Diurnal- animals active during the day
 Nocturnal- animals active at night
Innate Behaviors--Instincts
 Migration- instinctive,
seasonal movement of
animals
 Ex: 2/3 of birds in N.
America fly south in the
fall to area such as S.
America where food is
available during the winter
 Birds fly north in the
spring to breed during
summer
Innate Behaviors--Instincts
 Hibernation- period of dormancy during cold months
 Period of biological rest or inactivity
 Food supplies are limited. Animal lives off its fat stores.
 Metabolism, breathing, and body temp. drop to conserve
energy.
 Estivation- dormancy in hot climates
 Ex: desert animals estivate in response to lack of food or periods
of drought
Learned Behaviors (33.2)
 Learned behavior- behavior changes through practice or
experience
 Learned behaviors are more common in vertebrates (ex:
humans), whereas innate behaviors are more common in
invertebrates.
 Learning has survival value for animals in a changing
environment.
 Allows an animal to adapt to change
Learned Behaviors
Type of Learning
Description
Example
Imprinting
Rapid form of learning Some birds, duckling
that occurs during a
following mother
critical period of
development
Habituation
An animal learns not
to respond to a
stimulus without
punishment or
reward.
Dogs stop barking at
familiar people
entering the house.
Horses become
habituated to the city
and ignore cars and
noisy streets.
Learned Behaviors
Type of Learning
Description
Example
Reasoning (insight)
Ability to solve
unfamiliar problems
in a new situation.
An octopus unscrews
a jar to get food.
Spatial (Latent)
Ability to create a
mental map of the
environment.
Blue jays know where
they have hidden
food, even if food is
stored in up to 100
locations.
Learned Behaviors
Type of Learning
Description
Example
Classical Conditioning Associate a stimulus
with a response that
would not normally
occur.
Pavlov’s dogs salivate
at the sound of the
bell.
Operant Conditioning Associate an activity
with a consequence
Toads flick their
tongues at flying
insects. If they are
stung by a bee, they
will learn not to flick
their tongues at
striped insects.
Pavlov’s Dogs
 Pavlov noted that dogs salivate when they smell food.
 Responding to the smell of food is a reflex, a type of innate
behavior.
 Pavlov rang a bell when he gave the dog food. Pavlov
developed an association between the food and ringing bell.
 Eventually, the dog salivated at the sound of the bell alone.
Pavlov’s Dogs
Structural Plant Adaptations
 Physical traits to
discourage herbivores
from eating them
 Spines, thorns, leathery
leaves
 Some plants produce
chemicals that are
poisonous or have a foul
odor
 Milkweed, tobacco,
peyote cactus
Thorns on a Rose Bush
Structural Plant Adaptations
 Venus flytrap catches insects
with modified leaves.
 Seed dispersal adaptations
 Some seeds have spines
that attach to animal fur
 Some seeds have
watertight buoyant outer
shells
 Other seeds have “wings”
or “parachutes used to
harness the wind
Sycamore seeds
Behavioral Plant Adaptations
 Behavior- response to
internal and external
stimuli by an organism
 Tropisms- growth of a
plant in response to a
stimulus.
 Positive tropisms- toward
the stimulus
 Negative tropisms- away
from the stimulus
Gravitropism
Behavioral Plant Adaptations
 Phototropism- response to light
 Shoots and stems are postively
phototropic
 Roots are negatively
phototropic
 Geotropism (or gravitropism)-
plant’s response to gravity
 Roots are positively geotropic
 Stems and leaves are negatively
geotropic
Behavioral Plant Adaptations
 Thigmotropism- response
to touch
 Climbing plants have
weak stems and will wrap
around another plant,
wall, fence, etc.
 Kudzu, honeysuckle,
beans
Other Plant Behaviors
 Nastic movements- responses
of plants to stimulus regardless
of direction
 Flowers opening and closing in
response to light
 Mimosa leaves curling up when
touched by an object or blown
by wind
 Carnivorous plants close in
response to something touch
little hair-like structures inside
their leaves ex: Venus flytrap
Venus flytrap
Other Plant Behaviors
 Circadian rhythms-
behavior cycles that follow
24 hr. patterns of activity
 Some plants fold their
leaves and flowers at
night and open them
during the day
 Other plants secrete
perfumes and nectars
when pollinators are
active
Other Plant Behaviors
 Photoperiodism-
response of plant to
amount of daylight
 Explains why plants bloom
in different seasons
 Amount of daylight in fall
and winter is less than in
spring and summer