Transcript Ch. 1 - Pasadena City College

Trendler’s
PHYSO 2A
Fall 2008
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicholaes Tulp, oil on canvas by Rembrandt van Rijn (1632)
Lecture 1- Slide 1
Introduction
Unit One: Foundations
Pages
1 Major Themes of A&P
24
Two:Orientation
Surviving
Atlas AUnit
General
Pages
7
25 The
Chemistry of Life
Histology
36 Cellular
Form
& Function
Unit
Three:
Moving
The Integumentary
System
33
Pages
22
Joints & Cellular Function
497 Genetics
Bone Tissue
10 The Muscular
System
Unit Four:
Being
Total
8 The Skeletal System
Atlas B Surface Anatomy
13 The LNS & Somatic Reflexes
11 Muscular TissueTotal
14 The Brain & Cranial Nerves
12 Nervous Tissue
15 The ANS &Total
Visceral Reflexes
28
25
25
63
Pages
122
45
1
28
123
32
46
36
18
160
16 Sense Organs
Total: 16 Chapters
Total
1-2
33
31
46
538 Pages
138
Teri’s Top Ten Topics of Chapter 1
 10 History
 5 Fields of Science
 9 Imaging
 4 Scientific Method
 8 Properties of life
 3 Form & Function
 7 Terminology
 2 Evolution
 6 Organization
 1 Homeostasis
1-3
History
1-4
History
 Universe
 matter & energy
 Living things
 increasingly complex
 Dead white guys
 Us
 The future
1-5
Beginnings of Medicine
 Physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt
 3000 years ago used herbal drugs, salts and physical
therapy
 Greek physician Hippocrates
 established a code of ethics
 urged physicians to seek causes of disease
1-6
Beginnings of Medicine 2
 Aristotle
 called causes for disease physiologi
 complex structures are built from simpler parts
 Galen (physician to the Roman gladiators)

saw science as a method of discovery
 did animal dissections since use of cadavers banned
 wrote book advising followers to trust their own
observation
1-7
Birth of Modern Medicine
 Middle Ages
 little advancement
 medicine was taught as dogma with no new ideas
 Avicenna from Muslim world
 supported free inquiry over dogma
 wrote The Canon of Medicine, used in medical schools
until 16th century
 Vesalius (1543)
 published accurate gross anatomy atlas
 Harvey (1628)
 realized blood flow out from heart and back in
1-8
Birth of Modern Medicine 2
 Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
 invented a simple microscope (200x) to look at fabrics
 Hooke (1665) and Zeiss (1860)
 developed and improved compound microscope
 described plant cell walls in 1665
 Schleiden and Schwann (1839)
 concluded that all organisms were composed of cells
 1st tenet of cell theory
1-9
Living in a Revolution
 Early pioneers were important
 established scientific way of thinking
 replaced superstition with natural laws
 Modern biomedical science
 technological enhancement

diagnostic ability and life-support strategies
 Genetic Revolution
 human genome is finished
 gene therapy is being used to treat disease
1-10
Imaging
1-11
Early Medical Illustrations
1-12
Medical Imaging
Just a form of technology
1-13
Props of Life
1-14
Properties of Life
Are these alive?
Only if they…
1-15
Characteristics of Life
 Organization
 Cellular composition
 Excretion
 Metabolism and excretion
 Responsiveness and movement
 Homeostasis
 Development
 Reproduction
 Evolution
1-16
Terms
1-17
Anatomical Terminology
 Medical terms from Greek and Latin roots
 Naming confusion during the Renaissance
 same structures with different names
 structures named after people (eponyms)
 Search for uniform international terminology
 1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms
 each structure = unique Latin name
 Terminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998
1-18
Analyzing Medical Terms
 Terminology based on word elements
 lexicon (Appendix C)
 Scientific terms
 one root (stem) with core meaning
 combining vowels join roots
 prefix modifies core meaning
 suffix modifies core meaning
 Acronyms
 first few letters of series of words
1-19
Useful Tables in Textbook
1-20
Organization
1-21
Hierarchy of complexity
 organism is composed of
organ systems
 organ systems composed
of organs
 organs composed of
tissues
 tissues composed of cells
1-22
Hierarchy of Complexity 2
 Cells contain
organelles
 Organelles composed
of molecules
 Molecules composed of
atoms
1-23
Fields of Science????
1-24
Scientific Meth
1-25
Scientific Method
 Bacon (1561-1626) and Descartes (1596-1650)
 new habits of scientific thought
 England and France
 academies of science --still exist today
 Science
 produces reliable, objective and testable information
about nature
1-26
Inductive Method
 Philosopher Francis Bacon
 observations, generalizations and predictions
 anatomy
 Proof in science
 reliable observations
 tested repeatedly
 not falsified by any credible observation
 In science, all truth is tentative
 “proof beyond a reasonable doubt”
1-27
Hypothetico-Deductive Method
 Physiological knowledge
 Test your hypothesis (answer) to a specific question
 Good hypothesis
 consistent with what is already known
 testable and falsifiable with evidence
 Hypotheses are written as If-Then statements
1-28
Proper Experimental Design
 Sample size

sufficient to prevent chance event
 Control group and treatment group
 identical treatment except for the variable being tested
 Prevention of psychosomatic effects
 use of placebo in control group
1-29
Proper Experimental Design 2
 Experimenter bias
 prevented with double-blind study
 Statistical testing
 difference between control and test subjects was not
random variation
 due to the variable being tested
1-30
Peer Review
 Critical evaluation by other experts in the field
 done prior to funding or publication
 done by using verification and repeatability of
results
 Ensures honesty, objectivity and quality in
science
1-31
Form & Fxn
1-32
Anatomy - The Study of Form
 Observation of surface structure
 Cadaver dissection
 cutting and separation of organs to study their relationships
 Comparative anatomy
 study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends
1-33
Anatomy - The Study of Form 2
 Physical examination
 palpation, auscultation, percussion
 Gross anatomy
 visible with naked eye
 Histology
 examination of cells with microscope
1-34
Physiology - The Study of Function
 Study of bodily functions
 using methods of experimental science
 Comparative physiology
 study of different species
 Basis for the development of new drugs and medical
procedures
1-35
Anatomical Variation
 No 2 humans are exactly alike
 variable number of organs
 variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs
perversus)
1-36
Physiological Variation
 Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity
 Typical values
 reference man
 22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity
 consumes 2800 kcal/day
 reference woman
 same as man except 128 lbs and 2000 kcal/day
1-37
Evil-ution
1-38
Facts, Laws and Theories
 Scientific fact
 information independently verified
 Law of nature
 description of the way matter and energy behave
 results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations
 written as verbal statements or mathematical formulae
 Theory
 summary of conclusions drawn from observable facts
 it provides explanations and predictions
1-39
Human Origins and Adaptations
 Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
 The Descent of Man (1871)
 Theory of natural selection
 how species originate and change through time
 changed view of “our origin, our nature and our place in the
universe”
 increases understanding of form and function
1-40
Evolution, Selection, and
Adaptation
 Evolution
 change in genetic composition of population
 development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics
 Adaptations
 individuals with hereditary advantages
 produce more offspring under given selection pressures (harsh
climate, predators)
 inheritable characteristics
 genetic change in the population (evolution)
1-41
Animal Relations
 Closest relative = chimpanzee
 difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure
 chimpanzees and gorillas differ by 2.3%
 Study of evolutionary relationships
 chose animals for biomedical research (the animal
model)
 rats and mice used extensively due to issues involved
with using chimpanzees
1-42
Primate Adaptations
 Earliest primates
 squirrel-sized, arboreal, insect-eating mammals

due to safety, food supply and lack of competition
 Adaptations for aboreal life style
 mobile shoulders
 opposable thumbs manipulate small objects
 forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision)

depth perception for leaping and catching prey
 color vision

distinguish ripe fruit
 larger brains and good memory

remember food sources
1-43
Walking Upright
 African forest became grassland
 millions of years ago
 Bipedalism
 standing and walking on 2 legs
 spot predators, carry food or infants
 Adaptations for bipedalism
 skeletal and muscular modifications
1-44
Walking Upright 2
 Australopithecus
 gave rise Homo habilis (2.5mya)

taller, larger brain volume, speech, tool-making
 Homo habilis
 gave rise to Homo erectus (1.1mya)
 Homo erectus
 gave rise to Homo sapiens (.6 to .2mya?)
 Diseases and imperfections from our evolutionary past
1-45
Primate Phylogeny
1-46
Homeo-stasis
1-47
Homeostasis
 Claude Bernard (1813-78)
 stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions
 Homeostasis
 Walter Cannon (1871-1945) coined the term
 fluctuates within limited range around a set point
 Loss causes illness or death
1-48
Negative Feedback Loop
 Body senses a change and activates mechanisms
to reverse it
1-49
Negative Feedback, Set Point
 Room temperature does not stay at set point of
68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees
1-50
Human Thermoregulation
 Brain senses change in blood temperature

if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins

if too cold, vasoconstriction in1-51
the skin and shivering begins
Control of Blood Pressure
 Circulatory stretch receptors
 detect a rise in BP
 Cardiac center in brainstem
 sends out nerve signals
 Heart slowed and BP lowered
1-52
Structure of Feedback Loop
 Receptor = senses change
 Integrator = control center that responds
 Effector = structures that restore homeostasis
1-53
Positive Feedback Loops
 Self-amplifying change
 leads to change in the same direction
 Normal way of producing rapid changes
 occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and
generation of nerve signals
1-54
Life-Threatening Fever
 Temperature > 108 degrees F
 increases metabolic rate
 body produces heat even faster
 Cycle continues to reinforce itself
 Becomes fatal at 113 degrees F
1-55
Review
1-56
Review of Major Themes
 Cell theory
 activity of cells determine structure and function
 Homeostasis
 maintaining stable internal conditions
 Evolution
 our body evolved by natural selection
 Hierarchy of structure
 levels of complexity
 Unity of form and function
1-57
 physiology is inseparable from
anatomy
The end!
 Clap now!
 Any questions?
 What comes next….
 General Info, Handouts (Syllabus & Schedule)
 Start Lab Activities 1-4, because all through 6 must be
done by Monday
1-58