Transcript Class Schedule - Crestwood Local Schools

AP BIOLOGY
Mrs. Thomas
Chapter 1
Introduction: Themes in the
Study of Life
What are Themes?
General
principles or ideas that
occur over and over.
“Themes” are not a test item,
but they are a framework to
organize the study of Biology.
AP Biology Themes
1. Science as a process
2. Evolution
3. Energy Transfer
4. Continuity and Change
AP Biology Themes
5. Relationship of Structure &
Function
6. Regulation
AP Biology Themes
7. Interdependence in Nature
8. Science, Technology and
Society
Why Themes?
We
will see the “themes” at
various times throughout the
course.
Themes can be the basis of
essay exams
Ex.
Regulation of …
Question
How
do we know what is
alive and what is not?
What
Life?
are the properties of
1. Order
Living
things are highly
organized in structure and
function.
Analyzing
a biological
structure gives us clues
about what it does and
how it works
Structure
and Function are
related at all levels
2. Reproduction
Organisms
kind.
reproduce their own
Life
on Earth uses the nucleic
acid and code for Heritable
Information.
3. Growth & Development
Organisms increase in size
and complexity.
Growth
- increase in size.
Development - increase in
complexity.
Life - grows by internal
changes.
4. Energy Utilization
Organisms
take in energy and
transform it to do work.
Organisms
are “open”
systems, they must
continually take in energy.
5. Response To Environment
Organisms
respond to
changes or stimuli in their
environment.
The
speed of the
response may be “fast” or
“slow”.
6. Homeostasis
Organisms
maintain their
internal environment within
tolerable limits.
“homeo” = same
“stasis” = state
7. Evolutionary Adaptation
Organisms
change over
time as they adapt to their
environment.
Organisms
must adapt, move,
or die!
Is this a “good”
adaptation?
8. The Cell Is the “basic unit”
of Life
9. Organisms Die
Science is:
A
process.
A way of “knowing”.
Science is based on:
Observations
Experiments
Deductive
Reasoning
Observations:
Are
the “keystone” to Science.
If it can’t be “observed”, it can’t
be studied by the Scientific
Method.
Can be made through your
senses or through the use of
tools.
Process of Science
Observational
Science
Naturalists,
human genome
May lead to experiments
Experimental
Science
Hypothetico-Deductive
Science
Hypothesis
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning
Induction
Specific
observations to reach
general conclusion
Deduction
From
general premise make
specific prediction
Example
When
I throw a ball in the air,
why does it come back
down?
Inductive
Whenever
I have thrown a ball
in the past, it always comes
back down
Specific observations to
general conclusion
Deductive
Gravity
attracts ball to earth
General rule to specific case
Scientific Method:
Outlines
a series of steps for
answering questions.
Obtains “evidence” through the
use of experiments.
Scientific Method Steps
1. Identify the problem.
2. What is already known?
3. Formulate a hypothesis.
4. Conduct an experiment
changing one variable at a
time. All other factors are
held constant. (Why?)
Scientific Method Steps
5. Collect data. Have
replicates (Why?)
6.Compare data to hypothesis.
Does the data support the
hypothesis?
Comment
 Nothing
is ever proven in
science
 Can
be disproven
 Experiments
either support
or fail to support a particular
hypothesis.
Disproving
a hypothesis is as
important as supporting it
These
experiments are not a
failure
7. Conclusions and new
hypothesis.
Theory
 Broader
in scope than
hypothesis.
 Not determined by single
experiment, but have been
supported by many
experiments by many
scientists.
Theory
Comprehensive
explanation
supported by abundance of
evidence
Theories allow predictions
Examples of Theories
Atomic
Theory
Gravitational Theory
Theory of Relativity
Cell Theory
Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection
Basic Evolution
Nothing
in Biology makes
sense except in the light of
Evolution.
Theodosius
Dobzhansky
American Biology Teacher
35:125-129, 1973.
A few points to
remember:
Darwin’s
greatest pieces of
evidence were fossils
Used finches for comparison
from Galapagos islands
Developed natural selection by
spring-boarding from Malthus’
ideas on population limits.
Homologous structures
 Provides
further
support for
evolution
 Differs from
analogous :
ie: bird and
butterfly wings
Success is measured by:
1. Survive
2. Reproduce
Note – organisms survive
because of their adaptations,
they do not adapt to survive.
Evolution in Biology
1. What is the adaptive value of
________?
2. Why has ______ persisted
over time?
3. How does _____ increase
survival or reproduction?
4 themes that unify
Biology as a science…
Cell
Theory
Molecular basis of inheritance
Evolutionary change
Evolutionary conservation
Know
the basis of all of these!
Summary
Themes
can provide a common
framework for learning Biology
What are the characteristics of
Life?
What is Science and how does it
work?
Evolution’s role in the study of
Biology