Transcript Do Now (p. 3 t) - Ms. Engel @ South

Psychological
Perspectives
Do Now
Quiz Time!
Check the statements with which you agree
1. ___ Even the most subtle behaviors tell you something about a person.
2. ___ Our behaviors are a product of our history as a species.
3. ___ Nothing makes you angry; you choose to become angry.
4. ___ Consciousness is the same thing as nervous system activity.
5. ___ You cannot fully understand a person without knowing where they
came from.
6. ___ Many of our activities are designed to propagate our genes.
7. ___ Our actions are caused by events in our environment.
8. ___ Criminals sometimes leave evidence because they really want to get
caught.
9. ___ The language you speak influences the way you process other
information.
10. ___ You really can’t know what goes on in someone’s mind, all you can
know is how they act.
11. ___ It is important for each individual to develop a clear sense of who
he/she is.
12. ___ People make rational choices by weighing the alternatives.
13. ___ You can change behavior with rewards and punishments.
14. ___ We don’t often realize the real reason we do something.
15. ___ Our behavior reflects our thoughts.
16. ___ People process information much in the same way that computers do.
17. ___ Men and women behave differently due to ancient environmental
pressures.
18. ___ To understand behavior, you have to understand how the nervous
system works.
19. ___ Much of our behavior is genetically determined.
20. ___ People from collectivist and individualist societies differ in terms of
what they find morally acceptable.
21. ___ You can discover a lot about your unconscious mind by interpreting the
symbols that appear in your dreams.
22. ___ To be happy, you need to live up to your fullest potential.
23. ___ Humans share several important behaviors with apes.
24. ___ Ultimately, each person is responsible for his or her actions.
25. ___ Sometimes people behave irrationally because they think irrationally.
26. ___ Growing up in a remote tribal village engenders different social skills
than growing up in a large city.
27. ___ Many times it’s the behavior that’s the problem.
28. ___ To understand emotions, you must understand hormones.
Your preferred
perspective is
If you chose items
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1, 8, 14, 21
7, 10, 13, 27
3, 11, 22, 24
12, 15, 16, 25
4, 18, 19, 28
2, 6, 17, 23
5, 9, 20, 26
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Psychoanalytic
Behavioral
Humanistic
Cognitive
Biological
Evolutionary
Cultural
Review: Levels of Analysis
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Levels
– Neural (brain as cause)
– Evolutionary (natural selection as cause)
– Learning/Behaviorism (prior experiences as cause)
– Social (other people as cause)
– Cultural (broader culture as cause)
– Cognitive (individual knowledge and beliefs as cause)
– Developmental (age related changes as cause)
Categories
– Biological (neural, genetic, evolutionary)
– Experiential (learning, cognitive, learning, social, cultural)
– Developmental
Perspectives
Perspectives (different than fields in psychology or levels of causal analysis)
Lenses through which to analyze any psychological issue
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Biological
– the application of the principles of biology, in particular neurobiology, to the study of
mental processes and behavior
Evolutionary (Darwin)
– An approach to psychology that tries to explain traits and behaviors in terms of
adaptations
Behaviorism (Skinner, Thorndike, Pavlov)
– an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior
Cognitive (Chomsky, Piaget)
– An approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes and
systems
Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow)
– A theoretical view of human nature which stresses a positive view of human nature
Sociocultural (Bandura, Erickson)
– An approach to psychology that emphasizes cultural or social contexts in
determining behavior
Psychodynamic / psychoanalytic (Freud, Jung)
– An approach to psychology that emphasizes subconscious processes
Developmental, trait, and learning mechanisms are incorporated into these perspectives
Perspective
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/
Sociobiological
Trait
View of Human Nature:
We are complex systems that
respond to hereditary and
environmental influences
What Determines Behavior:
Neural structures, biochemistry,
and inborn responses to
external cues
Question for Study:
How do heredity, the nervous
system, and the endocrine
system produce behavior and
mental processes?
Perspective
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/
Sociobiological
Trait
View of Human Nature:
We undergo predictable patterns
of change throughout our lives
What Determines Behavior:
Interaction between heredity and
environment
Questions for Study:
What are the patterns that
characterize developmental
change?
What are the genetic and
environmental influences
underlying these patterns?
Perspective
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
View of Human Nature:
People are informationprocessing systems
What Determines Behavior:
Mental interpretation of our
experience
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/
Sociobiological
Trait
Question for Study:
How do mental processes,
including sensation, perception,
learning, memory, and language,
influence behavior?
Perspective
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/
Sociobiological
Trait
View of Human Nature:
We are driven by dark forces of
the unconscious
What Determines Behavior:
Unconscious needs, conflicts,
repressed memories, and
childhood experiences
Question for Study:
How does the energy generated in
the unconscious mind motivate
our actions and account for
mental disorders?
Perspective
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/
Sociobiological
Trait
View of Human Nature:
Emphasizes human growth and
potential
What Determines Behavior:
The influence of self-concept,
perceptions, and interpersonal
relationships, and on need for
personal growth
Question for Study:
How can humanistic theory be
applied to enhance mental health
through counseling and therapy?
Perspective
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/
Sociobiological
Trait
View of Human Nature:
Behavior is primarily shaped by
learning
What Determines Behavior:
Stimulus cues and our history of
rewards and punishments
Questions for Study:
What are the “laws” that associate
our responses with stimulus
conditions?
How can they be applied to
improve the human condition?
Perspective
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/
Sociobiological
Trait
View of Human Nature:
People are social animals, so
human behavior must be
interpreted in social context
What Determines Behavior:
Cultures, social norms and
expectations, social learning
Questions for Study:
Under what conditions is the
social and cultural situation
predictive of behavior?
How are social influences different
across cultures?
Perspective
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/
Sociobiological
Trait
View of Human Nature:
Behavior is developed and
adapted over time
What Determines Behavior:
Natural selection
Question for Study:
How do behavior and individual
differences develop and change?
Perspective
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behavioral
Sociocultural
Evolutionary/
Sociobiological
Trait
View of Human Nature:
Individual differences result from
differences in our underlying
patterns of stable characteristics
What Determines Behavior:
Each person’s unique combination
of traits
Question for Study:
How many fundamental traits are
there?
How can we use trait patterns to
predict behavior?
Psychologists often have different
interests when viewing the same
event.
• Example: Marissa is terribly afraid of heights.
– Biological: What physical processes occur in her body when she
experiences this fear?
– Behavioral: How did she acquire this fear through learning?
– Evolutionary: What might be adaptable about a fear of heights?
– Cognitive: What patterns of thought occur when Marissa is in an
elevator?
– Psychodynamic: What childhood traumatic event may have caused
Marissa to develop this fear?
– Socio-cultural: How does Marissa’s expression of fear relate to her
culture?
– Humanistic: How does Marissa’s fear impact her sense of self?
Processing: Stations on Levels of Analysis