Transcript No Slide Title - NVHSIntroBioPiper1

Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. How similar are Chimp DNA and Human DNA?
A 56% B 74%
C 87% D 98%
2. Evidence of evolution includes:
A cave drawings, ancient stories, and ceremonial
rites
B homologous structures, DNA, and embryonic
evidence
C eukaryotes, symbiosis, and competition
D nephrons, antibodies, and homeostasis
Agenda
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Warm-Up
Notes
Resistance Worksheet
Finish Vocab Table
Peppered Moth Lab
Clean-Up
Cool-Down
Announcements
• Evolution Quiz- next Thursday
Evolution Day 4
Review and Resistance
2 Early Views of
Evolution
• Lamark (wrong)
• Darwin (right)
Lamark believed:
• Organisms have a desire to
change (if a giraffe wants a long
neck, he can try hard and get
one)
• Use and disuse mattered
• Physical traits (i.e. neck length
or strength) could be passed to
offspring
CHARLES DARWIN
• From Britain
• Sailed around the world on a
ship called the HMS Beagle
• Published On the Origin of
Species by Natural
Selection, 30 years after he
got back.
3 MAJOR FACTORS
INFLUENCING DARWIN
• 1. The age of the earth
(Lyell)
• 2. Population controls
(Malthus)
• 3. Breeding programs-aka
Artificial Selection (Farmers)
Blind salamander
ARTIFICIAL
SELECTION
Humans make sure that
only individuals with
more desirable traits
produce offspring
Natural Selection:
If variation of a trait within a
population has a genetic basis,
and some variants have greater
survival and reproduction,
then, over time, the favored trait will
predominate in the population.
SURVIVAL OF THE
FITTEST
Individuals whose traits are
well suited to the
environment survive and
reproduce. Those who
aren’t suited, die!!!
(or leave fewer offspring)
PEPPERED
MOTHS:
NATURAL SELECTION
IN ACTION!
LOOK AT THE MOTHS
BELOW AND PREDICT THE
TYPE OF HABITAT THEY
WOULD LIVE IN
PEPPER MOTHS
pre-industrialization
Which moth would be more fit?
WHY???
PEPPER MOTHS
post-industrialization
Which moth would be more fit?
WHY???
On what does natural
selection operate?
PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
What is the cause of
Phenotypic Variation?
1. GENETIC MUTATIONS
2. CROSSING OVER (sexual
reproduciton)
GENE POOL
a common group of
genes shared by a
population
POPULATION
a collection of
individuals of the same
species in a given area
that can breed with one
another
NICHE
the combination of
an organism’s
habitat and its job
or role in that
habitat
NO TWO SPECIES
CAN OCCUPY THE
SAME NICHE FOR
VERY LONG!!!
WHAT HAPPENS IF 2
SPECIES OCCUPY
THE SAME NICHE FOR
LONG?
EXTINCTION
or
EVOLUTION
DIVERGENT
EVOLUTION
(aka Adaptive Radiation)
different species diverge
from a common ancestor
CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION
creation of organisms that
are similar in appearance
and behavior
(bats, birds, butterflies)
Applications of Evolution
1) Pesticide Resistance
2) Antibiotic Resistance
• Pesticides are chemicals that kill
insects. They are often sprayed on
crops to keep bugs from eating them.
• Occasionally, an insect may have a
variation that allows him to survive
being sprayed with pesticide. This
insect is called pesticide resistant.
• Resistance is the ability of an organism
to withstand a harmful agent.
• Pesticide resistant insects will survive
being sprayed with the chemical and will
reproduce with other surviving, pesticide
resistance insects. This will create a
new generation of insects that carry the
pesticide resistance gene.
• Insects that are not killed by pesticides
can cause several problems:
• 1. Decreased food supply: If insects are
not killed by the pesticides, then they
will be able to eat the crops.
• More generations of resistance insects
will eat more and more crops.
• Farmers will lose money and less food
will be available.
• 2. Disease: Sometimes pesticides are
sprayed to kill insects that carry
disease.
• Malaria is a deadly disease that is
spread by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes that
carry malaria were killed by spraying
them with DDT.
• Over time, mosquitoes developed
resistance to DDT. DDT was no longer
a useful chemical for killing mosquitoes.
• Often, bacterial infections are treated
with antibiotics. Antibiotics kill the
bacteria.
• If a bacteria is resistant to the
antibiotics, then it will live and pass its
resistant genes on to the next
generation.
• Some infections cannot be treated with
antibiotics because the bacteria are
resistant. Some examples are
tuberculosis, malaria, and ear
infections.
• When you take an antibiotic, you usually
have to take it for several days. On the
first few days, you may kill a few of the
“least fit” bacteria. After a few more
days, you have killed most of the
bacteria and only the strongest ones are
left.
• You must continue to take the
antibiotics for the full time to kill all of
the bacteria. If you do not take all of
your antibiotics, then you are leaving
the strongest bacteria alive to
reproduce.
• It is time consuming, difficult, and
expensive to produce new antibiotics for
these stronger bacteria.
Peppered Moth Lab
• Every person needs
– One sheet of notebook paper
– Writing utensil
• Each pair needs
– One bag of hole punches
– One whiteboard
Rules for Picking up the Moths
• DO
– Pick them up with two fingers one at a time.
– Only use ONE hand at a time.
• DO NOT
– Swipe the moths into your hand.
– Pick up more than one at a time.
– Turn the whiteboard up to “dump” them into
your hand.
– MAKE A MESS!
Your paper should have this on it…
On the Whiteboard
Trial
Black
White
Number “moths” “moths”
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Number
On the Black Table
Trial
Black
White
Number “moths” “moths”
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Number
Count the number of “moths” you can pick up in 15
seconds. Repeat for a total of 5 times on each colored
surface. Try to pick up as many as possible!
Answer these questions
on your paper…
1. What moth was picked up more on the
black table?
2. What moth was picked up more on the
whiteboard?
3. Which moth was better adapted to live on
the dark environment?
4. Which moth was better adapted to live on
the light environment?
Don’t forget your name & TURN IT IN
before you leave!
Clean-Up
• Make sure all the paper is back in the
bags and NOT on the floor!
• I need them for the next period.
Warm-Up
/
EOC
Prep
1. A chart of human chromosome pairs
is called a karyotype. What
information is revealed in the
karyotype above?
A. Gene dominance B. The age
C. The sex
D. Trisomy
2. The DNA fingerprints were made
from blood samples taken from a
puppy and four possible sires of this
puppy in an effort to determine the
puppy’s pedigree. According to this
information, which sire was
probably the father of this puppy?
A
B
C
D
Agenda
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•
Warm-Up
Evidence of Evolution Flip Flop
Origin of Life & Evolution Video
Clean-Up
Cool-Down
Announcements
• Evolution Quiz- Next Thursday