15-1 The Puzzle of Life`s Diversity
Download
Report
Transcript 15-1 The Puzzle of Life`s Diversity
Early Ideas on
Evolution
1
Evolutionary Timeline
2
Carolus Linnaeus – first to
group similar organisms and
assign them Latin names
(taxonomic classification
system)
Two word name (Genus
species)
Known as binomial
nomenclature
Originally believed all
organisms were fixed and did
not change; did not believe
that living species could
evolve from a common
ancestor
3
James
Hutton - Scottish geologist
Described the geological forces
that have changed life on Earth
over millions of years (erosion,
earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain
building)
Changes in Earth’s crust due to
slow continuous processes
Idea known as Gradualism
These changes caused certain
species of life to become extinct.
4
Thomas Malthus –
economist who said that, in
nature, plants and animals
produce far more offspring
than can survive
Poverty, famine, disease
result from overpopulation
Darwin would eventually
use this idea to help explain
natural selection and
survival of the fittest
5
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck –
French naturalist that
proposed that all organisms
evolved toward complexity
and perfection
Stated that changes are
adaptations to environment
acquired in an organism’s
lifetime
Said acquired changes were
passed to offspring
Example – bird ancestors
desired to fly so they tried
until wings developed
6
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics
Proposed that by selective use or
disuse of organs, organisms acquired
or lost certain traits during their
lifetime.
Those traits could then be passed on
to their offspring.
Over time, this leads to new species.
7
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Use & Disuse -
Giraffe’s neck got
longer from stretching
Organisms Could
Change The Size Or
Shape Of Organs By
Using Them Or Not
Using Them
8
9
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Inheritance Of Acquired Traits
◦ Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime
Would Be Passed To Offspring
Clipped ears of dogs could be passed to offspring!
10
Lamarck’s Mistakes
Lamarck
Did NOT Know how
traits were inherited (Traits are
passed through genes)
Genes Are NOT Changed By
Activities In Life.
Change Through Mutation
Occurs Before An Organism Is
Born.
11
Charles Lyell – geologist;
published Principles of
Geology which advanced and
popularized ideas of Hutton
Proposed theory of
Uniformitarianism
Geological processes
occuring at a uniform rate
were responsible for
building & wearing down
Earth’s crust
Proposed that the Earth
was millions of years instead
of a few thousand years old
12
Georges Buffon – studied fossils
to propose that species shared
ancestors instead of arising
separately
Species were created, but were
not perfectly adapted and
gradually changed over
generations by “degenerating”
from the forms given to them
by God
Had no suggestion for how
these changes occurred
13
Alfred Russel Wallace -if an
animal has some trait that
helps it to withstand the
elements or to breed more
successfully, it may leave
more offspring behind than
others; the trait will become
more common in the
following generation, and
the generation after that
(natural selection)
Considered Darwin’s “codiscoverer” of evolution by
natural selection
14