Transcript Darwin`s Theory of Evolution The Puzzle of Life`s Diversity Chapter

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
WRITE A DEFINITION:
EVOLUTION:
change over time; the process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient
organisms
THEORY:
a well-supported testable explanation of
phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
FOSSIL:
the preserved remains of ancient organisms
Evolution is a
________
______;
theory a
testable
explanation of
naturallyoccurring
phenomena
theory
evolution
The _______
fossils that
Darwin found
caused him to ask
questions that led
to his proposal of
the theory of
_________.
evolution
Fossils provide
_______
evidence to support
the theory of
_________.
evolution
fossil
The _____
fossil record provides for
some of the evidence that supports
the ______
theory of evolution
What scientific explanation can
account for the diversity of life?
ANSWER:
A collection of ______________,
Scientific facts
observations and ___________
hypotheses
__________,
known as
________________________
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
The person who contributed the
most to our understanding of
evolution was
Charles Darwin
______________________
http://harrier.users.netlink.co.uk/Darwin_sm.jpg
In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of
H.M.S. Beagle as a naturalist for
the _______________
a ________
5 year voyage around the world.
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
After his voyage, Darwin spent a great
deal of time thinking about his findings.
Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
He began to wonder if animals living on
different islands had once been members
same species that had
of the ____________
developed different
_________ characteristics
after becoming isolated
_______ from one
another in different habitats.
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
James Hutton
In 1785 ______________
proposes that the
Earth
was shaped by
______________
geological forces
_________________
occurring over
very long
__________
periods of
time, and is
millions of years old.
_______________
http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/TaylorIMMc03.htm
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Charles Lyell
In 1833 ___________
explains that the geological
processes still ___________
occurring now
have shaped Earth’s
features over
long
periods of time
________________
http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Theory of Pangaea
…and continental
drift
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/animate/A08.gif
http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg
REMEMBER !
competition
Living things must compete for
food, shelter, space, mates
http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jpg
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Thomas
Malthus (1798)
_____________________
He observed that babies were being born
faster than people were dying. He
reasoned that if the human population
continued to grow, sooner or later there
insufficient space & food
would be _______________________
http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck (1809)
___________________________
was one of first scientists
to recognize living things
changed
over time and that
_______________
all species were descended
________ from
other species.
Lamarck published his hypothesis of
Inheritance of Acquired traits
________________________
the year Darwin was born.
The male fiddler crab uses its
front claw to attract mates and
ward off predators.
Through repeated use, the front
claw becomes larger.
The fiddler passes on this
acquired characteristic to its
offspring
http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/
What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck didn’t know about
genes and how traits are
inherited
_______.
If you lifted weights your
whole young adult life, and
then you had children, would
your kids be more muscular?
NO! Acquired traits may help the individual
organism, but they won’t be passed on to
offspring.
What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck was first to
develop a scientific
hypothesis about
evolution
_______
and recognize that
organisms are
adapted to their environments
________________________
http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~he599900/giraffeeating.jpg
Match the letter of the idea with
the man or men who proposed it:
Malthus
Hutton
Lyell
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lamarck
The earth is really old, and slowly changes
Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes
Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources
Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,
and pass those changes on to their offspring
c.
Malthus
Hutton
a.
Lamarck
Lyell
b.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The earth is really old, and slowly changes
Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changes
Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources
Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,
and pass those changes on to their offspring
In 1859
On
the Origin of Species
____________________
evidence
presented _______
and proposed a
mechanism
________ for evolution
that Darwin called
NATURAL
SELECTION
__________________
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION:
Artificial selection
1. ________________
2. ________________
Fossil record
Geographic Distribution
3. _______________
Homologous structures
4. _______________
5. _______________
Embryology
DNA
6. _______________
7. _______________
See Natural selection happen
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
• In artificial selection, nature provides the
variation through mutation and sexual
reproduction and humans select those traits
that they find useful
EX: We have selected
for and bred cows to
produce more milk,
turkeys with more
breast meat, etc.
http://www.pp3moo.com/hm2cow.jpg
http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/turkey.gif
Breeds of Dogs
Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico
by Mayans, had religious significance
Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A.D.
to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the
Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland
Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to
hunt wolves and elk
Dachshund – bred in Germany as early
as the 15th century to hunt badgers
SLIDE FROM: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
2. The Fossil Record –
Fossils are the _______
remains
______
_________________
of ancient organisms
found in layers of rock
in the Earth.
How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
The layers of rock tell the history of the
Earth while the fossils
_____,
_____ found within
life
the rock tell a history of ___.
The fossils are thought
to be the ________
same age as
the rock they
are found in.
3.
Geographic distribution
If Darwin’s theory is correct you would
expect to find closely
____________
related yet
_______________
different species living in a
_________
geographic region as they spread into
nearby habitats and evolve.
That’s EXACTLY what we do see!
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES
Intermediate vegetation
Intermediate necks
Little vegetation
Long necks
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher©2006
Lots of vegetation
Short necks
Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they
spread from the mainland to the different islands.
= DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif
GALAPAGOS FINCHES
The _____
beaks of Galapagos finches have
adapted
______ to eating a variety
_____ of foods
_____.
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.JPG
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm
Whales and sharks have a _____
similar body design
different organisms
even though they are very _______
(one is a fish; the other, a mammal)
because they have _________________
independently adapted to
living in a _____
similar environment.
= CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
Whales are closely related to wolves, but
don’t look or act much like them
= divergent evolution
Conclusion:
The pressure of
the environment
drives evolution
Whales are distantly related
to sharks, but look and act more
like them =
convergent evolution
Structures
4. HOMOLOGOUS
_____________________
Image from:
http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
4. Homologous Body Structures –
Structures, like the limbs of
vertebrates, look very _______,
different
but are made from the
__________,
same bones because
they are made from
the same clump of
_____________
undifferentiated cells
in the _______.
embryo
Image from:
http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
4. Homologous Body Structures –
Some _______________________
homologous body structures
are _______
vestigial and have no useful
function even though they are still
present, like ________in
hipbones whales and
boa constrictors, or a ____
tail and
________________in
cecum (appendix)
humans.
http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html
5. _____________________
Similarities in Embryology
________
Embryos of many animals with backbones are very similar.
Image from:
http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml
It is clear that the same groups of
_____________
undifferentiated cells develop in the
same order to produce the same
tissues and organs of all vertebrates,
evolved from
suggesting that they all _______
a _______________.
common ancestor
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
Similarities in DNA
6. _______________
Similarities
DNA and
in ____
PROTEIN
________
sequences
suggest
relatedness
Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005
Human- 46 chromosomes
Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes
karyotypes suggest an
Similar _________
evolutionary
relationship
___________________.
Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most
mammals can make their own
VITAMIN C but humans need to eat
_________,
fresh fruit or they end up with
________.
SCURVY
http://www.med.uc.edu/departme/cellbiol/Image7.gif
http://www.rachelleb.com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy.jpg
Human DNA contains the gene that
codes for the enzyme to make
vitamin C, but it is ________________.
NONFUNCTIONAL
Guess what other group of organisms
lack the ability to make their own
Vitamin C?
PRIMATES…
which includes
chimpanzees, orangutans,
gorillas, and other apes.
http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg
Humans have many other
nonfunctional vestigial genes called
________________.
PSEUDOGENES
EX: Humans have more than 99
different odor receptor genes, but more
than 70% of them are nonfunctional
___________.
http://www.animationplayhouse.com/new/dogs2.html
http://unraveling.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1.jpg
7.____________________________
Can see Natural selection happen
EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that
produce new organisms and new
__________.
diseases
Bird flu
_______
HIV
___
http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif
Antibiotic-resistant
tuberculosis
__________________________
http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg
Concept Map
Section 15-3
Evidence of
Evolution
includes
The fossil record
Geographic
distribution of
living species
Homologous
body structures
Similarities
in early
development
which is composed of
which indicates
which implies
which implies
Physical
remains of
organisms
Common
ancestral
species
Similar genes
Similar genes
Go to
Section:
The preceding presentation adapted from the following:
www.brookings.k12.us.biology