Transcript Ecosystems - GeoScience

Evolution and Natural Selection
Evolution, Standard 8:
Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in
constantly changing environments.
a. Students KNOW how natural selection determines the
differential survival of groups of organisms.
b. Students KNOW a great diversity of species increases the
chance that at least some organisms survive major
changes in the environment.
e. Students KNOW how to analyze fossil evidence with
regard to biological diversity, episodic speciation and
mass extinction.
Evolution
Video
Write down the following questions under standard 8.
1. What was Charles Darwin's definition of evolution?
2. Darwin said, “All living things have the ability to
________, but ________ are limited, there is
competition to find food and water, to mate and to
_______.
3. What type of virus changes every year to adapt to
vaccines?
4. How many muscles are in an elephants trunk?
5. What are the “in-between” fossils called that
“transition” from one animal to the next in evolution?
6. Describe how ears of an elephant keep the African
Elephants cool? How many gallons of blood can flow
through the ears in 20 minutes?
7. Describe artificial selection. Give 3 examples of dogs
that have changed because of artificial selection.
Evolution / Natural Selection
•How did natural 1.
selection help
2.
Darwin’s Finches 3.
survive?
4.
5.
Evolution and Natural
Selection
Charles Darwin
Evolution and Natural
Selection
The Galapagos Islands
Evolution and Natural
Selection
Darwin’s Finches
As Charles Darwin ventured away
from the boat to capture and view
species on the island, he formed a
hypothesis that the different finches
evolved to be more successful at
hunting and thus survived. This made
Darwin Famous.
Evolution and Natural Selection
Darwin’s Finches
He noticed that each bird had a
different beak enabling it to be
successful in collecting different types
of food.
Darwin proposed that all the finches
came from one common ancestral
finch.
Evolution / Natural Selection
•How did natural 1.
selection help
2.
Darwins Finches 3.
survive?
4.
5.
Evolution / Natural Selection
•Describe Natural •(write your own notes)
Selection (moths
as example)
•How does genetic
diversity ensure
some species will
survive?
Natural Selection in action
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
In the 1800’s there were 2 types of Pepper moth in
England - a light colored variety and a dark colored
variety. Both rested on light colored trees. The light
colored moth flourished on the light colored tree, but as
the industrial revolution took shape, TONS of carbon
(black smoke) filled the air and covered the trees,
turning them almost black.
* What do you think happened to the different populations of
moth as the Industrial Revolution continued?
Natural Selection in action
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1845 -
1865 -
1890 -
Natural Selection in action
Peppered Moth
Peppered moths have survived their environment
because they produce both dark
and light
variations.
Each adapt
and survive
better in
different
environments
Daily Questions # 10
1. Define natural selection in your own words.
2. Name at least 2 reasons you believe (or have
heard) that dinosaurs have gone extinct.
3. Out of 100% of all the animals that ever
existed, what % of animals are alive today?
4. What type of organism do you think is the
most abundant in the world?
5. Why do you think woodpeckers do not get
concussions?
6. Name 5 animals with a SPECIFIC trait, that is
unique to them that helps them survive.
Evolution and Natural Selection
Evolution
Species transform much with their environment into
being able to survive better. Natural Selection is the
process by which species with favorable traits tend to
survive better than those without. Here is a video of
one such complex organism evolving.
Who would survive a catastrophe better? Dogs or
Elephants?
How many species of dogs do you think there
are? Over 200!
Give me some names…
Evolution and Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Natural selection is where organisms
evolve with traits that help them survive.
For example Giraffes have long necks to
reach the tops of trees for food.
Species encounter many obstacles that,
unless overcome, will cause them to
become extinct.
We can see many species and figure out
how they had to evolve to survive.
Evolution and Natural
Selection
Polar Bear
Polar Bears are fit for their
environment because
their fur is hollow. The fur
grows bacteria and keeps
the bear warm and afloat
as it swims. Regular
bears do not have this.
Who would survive a catastrophe better? Dogs or
Elephants?
How many species of dogs do you think there
are? Over 200!
How many species of Elephants are there?
2 main (African/Elephant) with some subspecies.
A total of 6.
African Elephants (big ears)
• Divided into 2 sub species
– Savannah and forest elephant
Asian Elephants (Little ears)
• Divided into 4 sub species
– Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus)
– Sri Lankan elephant (Elephas maximus maximus)
– Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatrensis)
– Borneo (or Pygmy) elephant (Elephas maximus
borneensis)
Evolution / Natural Selection
•Why would the number of species help ensure survival through a
disaster?
•The more variations of a species that exist, the better
chance of survival of that species.
•99% of all animals ever in existence have gone extinct.
Evolution / Natural Selection
•Compare Natural
Selection with Genetic
Drift.
• Genetic drift is not natural
selection. Some animals (by
chance) leave behind MORE
offspring than others because of
outside factors. NOT because they
are better suited just….because.
Evolution / Natural Selection
•Compare Natural
Selection with Genetic
Drift.
• Natural selection ensures
survival bc that animal has a
specific QUALITY that helps it
survive better than others.
Planet Earth pole to pole
For the next video you must write 10 organisms that have a trait
that helps them specifically survive their environment or
reproduce via evolution
helps
Name of animal
evolutionary trait
survive/reproduce
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DQ’s # 11
1. Describe evolution in your own words.
2. What is an adaptation? Give a specific example of
that in the wild.
3. Give a new example of genetic drift (look in your
NB!)
4. Describe the difference between natural selection
and genetic drift.
5. What was the name of Darwins famous boat?
6. What animal did Darwin use to describe evolution.
7. Think of three animals that have a special thing
about them that give them an “advantage” above
everything else in surviving where they live.
Evolution / Natural Selection
•How does
reproductive or
geographic
isolation affects
speciation.
•What does that mean?
•Answer using Darwin’s finches as
your example.
•Why did the finches (or any
animal) “need” to change?
Evolution / Natural Selection
•What information
1. Extinction is a part of life. (99%
does the fossil record
are extinct)
give us?
2. Fossils show us the diversity of
life in any given area.
3. Some species have only lived
for a specific period (episodic
speciation)
4. There have been mass
extinctions (dinosaurs).
Evolution / Natural Selection
•What is gradualism? •(color and draw picture!)
•What is punctuated
equilibrium?
Evolution and Natural
Selection
Gradualism or Punctuated equilibria?
Gradualism says that evolution occurs at a slow,
constant rate.
Punctuated equilibrium says that evolution occurs at
irregular rapid rates.
Life
Based on the video, write down 10 organisms
that have special adaptations to help them
survive their environment or reproduce
Name of animal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
trait
survival/reproduction