Transcript All nature beautiful?

Holmes Rolston, “Valuing Aesthetic
Nature”, Env. Ethics 1988
• Two questions:
• Subjectivity or objectivity of natural
beauty?
– Is natural beauty in the eye of the beholder or in
the world?
• Positive Aesthetics
– Is all nature beautiful?
Objectivity/subjectivity of beauty
• Is beauty in experiencing subject or the
objective world?
• Rolston’s view:
• Beauty (as aesthetic experience and perhaps
also aesthetic value) is only in the subject
• But what this aesthetic experience responds
to, namely aesthetic properties, is in the
world (is objective)
Rolston’s list of aes properties
– Canyon’s abyss, fury of the storm, wildness of
wilderness
– Form, structure, integrity, order, competence, muscular
strength, endurance, dynamic movement, symmetry,
diversity, unity, spontaneity, interdependence, lives
defended, creative and regenerative power, evolutionary
speciation
– Are these all aes properties? Are some (non-aesthetic)
base properties on which aesthetic properties depend?
– For example, graceful is an aes property that depends
on some non-aes features of the movement of a deer
Aes properties in nature “call for”
certain aes responses (objectivity)
– We are not projecting these properties; they are there
– What is out there is aesthetically worthy
– World is beautiful like it is mathematical
• Math experience comes from us, but mathematical properties
are there and we map on to them with our mathematics
• Lines of latitude/longitude and contours on a map come from
us but they map what is objectively there
• So aes properties are in world and appropriate aes experience
responds to them
Aes experience (value?) does not
depend on humans; nonhumans have
aes experience (=exp)
• Aes exp comes in diverse forms
• Higher aes exp (scenic beauty, sublime) only had
by humans
• If aes exp accompanies physical satisfaction
• If it is pleasure caused by way things appear to the senses
– Eating a tasty meal
– Enjoying warmth of sun
• Surely some animals have these expiences
Big-Horn Sheep Ram
• We admire muscular
strength and power of ram
• Ewe is attracted to him
and permits mating
• Plausible to think she
experiences some of this
• Consistent w/ natural
selection that this
attraction registers in her
experience
Peacock
• Peahen is attracted to
peacock’s tail or it would
be a liability and natural
selection would have
never preserved it
• Unless deny animals have
experience at all, hard to
deny they have nascent,
precursor to aes
experience
Is All Of Nature Beautiful?
Elk bottom
Zebra
John Muir’s Positive Aes
• “None of nature’s
landscapes are ugly so
long as they are wild”
• Muir’s thesis of
interconnectedness:
“When you try to pick out
one thing in the universe
you will find it hitched to
everything else in the
universe”
Rejections of Positive Nature
Aesthetics
• “Just as there are rotten violinists, so there must be
pathetic creeks; just as there is pulp fiction, so
there must be junk species; just as there are
forgettable meals, so there must be
inconsequential forests”
– Stan Godlovitch, “Evaluating Nature Aesthetically,” Journal of
Aesthetics and Art Criticism 56, 2 1998, p. 121
• Some parts of nature may be “irremediably
inexpressive, unredeemably characterless, and
aesthetically null.”
– Ronald Hepburn, “Nature in Light of Art,” in Wonder and Other
Essays (Edinburgh U. Press, 1984, p.. 47)
Rolston’s Characterization of
Positive Aes
• Landscapes always supply beauty, never ugliness
• Like clouds are never ugly, only more or less beautiful, so
too, mountains, rivers, forests, seashores, grasslands, cliffs,
canyons, & cascades
– Never called for to say such places bland, dull, boring, chaotic
• Unfailingly generate favorable experience in the suitably
perceptive
• Obviously, some don’t like swamps, deserts, prairies
• But to say of a desert, the tundra, a volcanic eruption that it
is ugly is to make a false statement and to respond
inappropriately
Rolston’s Pos Aes
• “Nature’s landscapes, almost w/o fail, have
an essential beauty”
• Not claiming:
– All equally beautiful (equal beauty thesis)
– Nature perfectly beautiful (perfect beauty
thesis)
• Artificial reefs can increase natural beauty
Rolston grants some nature ugly
• Not embracing “programmatic nature
romanticism”
• Some items in nature are ugly when viewed
from certain perspectives and when viewed
in isolation
• “There is itemized individual ugliness in
nature”
– E.g., a crippled fish that escaped an alligator
Positive aes is an area level claim
for Rolston:
• In a landscape, ecosystemic perspective, all
qualities are positive to some degree
Allen Carlson’s + aes is stronger
than Rolston’s
• “Each natural thing, either with appropriate
appreciation or at many, if not almost all,
levels and conditions of observation, has
substantial positive aesthetic value and
little, if any, negative aesthetic value.”
– Not just natural kinds
– Not just “essential beauty”
– Not just a little beauty
Rolston considers possible
counter-examples to + nature aes
• “Failures in nature are omnipresent, all
organisms and ecosystems are finally
ruined” (e.g., they die/come to an end)
• Tourists take no pictures of these “eye
sores”
• They are not picturesque
Putrid rotting elk carcass, full of
wiggling maggots is revolting
In nature, as much is ragged and
marred as beautiful
Bear scat aesthetically positive?
Ugliness diminished/overcome
when viewed in proper context
– Seen from a landscape and ecosystem perspective,
these are not ugly
• Ugliness transformed in ecosystem perspective
• “Ugliness mellows—though it does not disappear”
• “Ugly parts do not subtract from but enrich the whole”
– Momentary ugliness a still shot in an ongoing
(aesthetically positive) motion picture
– From an informed, systemic perspective only get
positive aes response
– Each item must be seen in environmental context
• Judgment of ugliness is like looking at piece of a jigsaw puzzle
and saying pieces are misshapen
Humans selected to find some things
repulsive (rotting carcasses,
excrement)
• But not ugly in the system of nutrient
recycling
• Systemic beauty of body decaying
• Rotting elk returns to humus and is
recycled; maggots become flies, food for
birds; natural selection leads to better
adapted elk
Appeal to cognitive dimension
(knowledge) part of this defense
of + aes
• Such beauty is not so much viewed as experienced
after ecological understanding gained
• Many of life’s richest aes experiences can not be
put on a canvas or have a picture taken of them
• Natural history/science allows aes appreciation of
what might otherwise be aes negative
• Allows us to move beyond scenery cult
Fall Color
Scenery cult as a bad reason for
rejecting positive aes
• That nature isn’t picturesque, doesn’t mean
it is not beautiful
• Nature’s positive aes value transcends
scenic beauty
• Inappropriate to drive through a park and
harvest scenic resources only
• “As if nature that can’t serve us must please
us”
Lamb killed by Bobcat
Coyote Bloodthirsty killer?
Predation
• “Fierce and cruel they
appear to us, but
beautiful in the eyes of
God”
John Muir on Alligators
Tiger
• Local disvalue to prey
is value to predator
and is systemic value
• “Ugliness here is only
a projection; like big
bad wolf”
Forest fire
Amazon Burning
• Recovery
from forest fire
• Releases nutrients,
resets succession,
helps regenerate shade
intolerant trees.
Worrisome counterexamples to
positive aesthetics
Three-Headed Frog
Disfigured monstrous animals
Mt. Saint Helens
Infrequent catastrophes
• Nature can’t adapt and evolve in response to
them
• Rolston sees “Ugly events as anomalies
challenging general paradigm of nature’s
landscapes w/o fail having essential beauty”
• Helens recovery
Rolston general strategy
• Reinterpret local intrinsic ugliness as systemic
instrumental beauty
• Shifting reference frames on us?
• No; Rolston says he is insisting on context
• Worries:
– Ecology makes these intelligible, but not beautiful?
– How get from instrumentally valuable/necessary to aes
positive?
Positive aesthetics thesis not
plausible for art
• Implausible to say artworks never badly
done
– Yet does say this for virgin landscapes; more or
less + formed
• Can be no failures in nature (whereas there
can be in art), as no artistic intention
– Nature, unlike artist, can never fail as never
tried
+ Aes for art at category level?
• Just as Rolston limits his + aes to landscape level,
systemic perspective
• What if we limit + aes claim for art to the
category level
• Each type of art is aes positive: Jazz music, folk,
impressionism, ballet, surrealism
– Some instances of these are ugly
• But unlike Rol account for itemized ugliness in
nature, don’t want to say that bad artwork looses
its ugliness when viewed in broader context
End
Slides removed follow
Are Lawns Beautiful? Deserve A
Positive Aes Response?
• Need ecological
knowledge to know why
not
• Relies on env. unfriendly
herbicides, pesticides
• Insensitive to indigenous
plants
• Ignores local climate
(water use)
• “As long as people want large, green,
closely mowed yards no matter what the
climate or soil or water conditions, they will
continue to use polluting gasoline mowers
and a toxic cocktail of fertilizers, herbicides
and pesticides.” Marcia Eaton
Two senses of
objectivity/subjectivity
• One (location question): Is beauty (aes value?) is
in experiencing subject or the objective world?
Rolston, beauty in the subject (experiencer) not
the world
• Two (justification question): Is there no
better/worse, no appropriate or inappropriate aes
responses to nature?
• Rolston no
• Believes in objectivity in aes responses to nature
Miscellaneous
• Rolston’s is a Humean position?
• Suggests human exp of beauty is accidental,
epiphenomenal
• “By chance nature echoes our aes taste”
• Ignores that natural selection might have
helped shape our aesthetic tastes
– Carroll’s idea
Biophilia hypothesis
• Gordon H. Orians and Judith H. Heerwagen, "Evolved Responses to
Landscapes," in Jerome H. Barkow, Leda cosmides and John Tooby,
eds., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation
of Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pages
555- 579.
• Judith H. Heerwagen and Gordon H. Orians, "Humans, Habitats, and
Aesthetics," in Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson, eds., The
Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), pages
138-172.
• Roger S. Ulrich, "Biophilia, Biophobia, and Natural Landscapes," in
Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson, eds., The Biophilia
Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 73-137.
What is in nature?
• Sci processes (and values they carry!)
• Predator/prey regulation, photosynthesis
• Nutritional value of the potato
Some value in nature, beauty not
• Beauty, like ethics, in human response to
world and not in world
• Beauty a subjective value, not model for all
value, as some value (biological value) is
objective