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HISTOLOGY I.: GENERAL HISTOLOGY General histology describes: the origin of a given tissue the morphology of tissue components, the function of the tissue classification within a tissue group Tissue: an assembly of cells with similar morphology, and intercellular tissue components (ground substance, fibres, if any) which associate to form organs and systems and are engaged to fulfill specialized functions. ORGANISATION LEVELS ORGANISM ORGANS Supraindividual organisation levels eg. species, population, etc. LIVING TISSUES CELLS ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES ORGANIC MICROMOLECULES INORGANIC MOLECULES ATOMS, IONS NON-LIVING CELL AND CELL ORGANELLES (See cell biology) DIVERSITY OF CELLS WITHIN THE TISSUES: 1. 1. Cardiac muscle cell 2. A multipolar neuron 2. HISTORY OF THE CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH 1.: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, XVII. century: algae, bacteria, sperm cells, etc. HISTORY OF THE CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH 2.: Robert Hooke 1665: „cell”: unit in dead samples of cork. HISTORY OF THE CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH 3.: The cell theory: Cell is the central unit of biological organization: Cells are the basic units of life. All living organisms are made up of cells. Only living cells can produce new cells. Matthias Schleiden 1838 plants are made up by cells Theodor Schwann 1839 animals are made up by cells HISTORY OF THE CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH 4.: Rudolf Virchow 1858: „Omnis cellula e cellula” (Each cell derives from another cell). This is the law of Virchow HISTORY OF THE CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH 5.: Marie Francois Bichat (1771-1802): The first definition of the tissue, the founder of histology (he described 21 „textures”) but without microscope! Marcello Malpighi: 1628-1694): „Father of histology” He used the microscope and described several microscopic structures HISTORY OF THE CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH 6.: Origin of the word „histology”: A. Mayer, 1819 created the term : histos= tissue, logos=study B. Sir Richard Owen (1804-1892): recommends the usage Rudolph von Kölliker (1817-1905: the first histology textbook: „Handbuch der Gewebelehre” (The book for teaching tissues), 1852. HISTORY OF THE CELL AND TISSUE RESEARCH 7.: Henle (1809-1885): the first histology-based extensive microscopical investigations Golgi (1844-1926): pioneering methodical development: the silver impregnation of the nervous tissue