Transcript Terabit optical submarine networks

PTC2000 Hawaii: A New Vision for the 21 st Century
Session T.1.4.1 Tuesday 1 February 2000
Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks Meeting the Market's Capacity Demands
at Lowest Overall Cost
Katsutoshi Tamura, General Manager
Submarine Networks Business Division
International Telecommunications Business Group
Fujitsu Limited
Colin Anderson, Manager Business Development
Submarine Networks Sales & Marketing
International Telecommunications Business Group
Fujitsu Limited
Tatsuo Matsumoto, Senior Director
Submarine Telecommunications Engineering Division
Transport Systems Group
Fujitsu Limited
PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost

Demand for international traffic continues driven by the Internet

Vendors strive to meet capacity and cost demands

Fortunately technology has enabled both capacity increases and
cost reductions

Focus of this paper is “cost” rather than “capacity”

What have been the price implications of the technologies
recently deployed ?

What will be the likely impacts of the next generation of
'enabling technologies' on price as well as capacity ?

Which technologies will be best for the future submarine
networks ?
Introduction
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Terminal Station Equipment
Terminal Station Equipment
WDM: N channels of traffic onto
N wavelengths on a single fiber
40 ~ 80 km between Repeaters
Up to 200 Cascaded Optical Amplifiers
Span between Terminals: 500 km ~ 10,000 km
(span between “optical - electrical” & “optical - electrical” conversion)
WDM Evolution:
8 x 2.5 Gb/s ... 16 x 2.5 Gb/s … 16 x 10 Gb/s ... 32 x 10 Gb/s …
64 x 10 Gb/s ... 128 x 10 Gb/s ... ? 8 x 40 Gb/s ... 16 x 40 Gb/s ... ?
Typical WDM Optical Submarine Network Configuration
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Erbium Doped Fiber Optical Amplifer
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Study mid 1960's
Practical reality in laboratories mid-1980's
Practical in commercial networks early 1990's
Slow start perhaps, but a dramatic impact in latter part of 1990's
Dense DWM Optical Devices
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Wavelength-Locked Lasers
Tunable lasers
Passive optical devices (filters, multiplexers, etc...)
etc
Key Enabling Technologies
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost

1995: 1 wave of 2.5 Gb/s or 5.0 Gb/s
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1998: 8 waves x 2.5 Gb/s or 16 waves x 2.5 Gb/s

1999 / 2000: 32 waves x 10 Gb/s being contracted

Systems with 64 waves x 10 Gb/s will be commercialised
in the next two years

Foreseeable future: 128 x 10 Gb/s using C-Band and L-Band

N x 40 Gb/s systems will follow

Currently up to 4 fiber pairs in submerged plant

6 and 8 fiber pair systems by 2002
History of WDM Optical Submarine Networks
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
N x 10 Gb/s
1,400 Gb/s
N x 40 Gb/s
1,200 Gb/s
1,000 Gb/s = 1.0 Tb/s
1,000 Gb/s = 1 Tb/s
1,000 Gb/s
800 Gb/s
600 Gb/s
Nomenclature: "10 x 32 x 4" means
"10 Gb/s x 32 waves x 4 fiber pairs"
400 Gb/s
200 Gb/s
40x32x8
40x32x4
40x16x6
40x16x2
40x8x8
40x8x4
10x128x6
10x128x2
10x64x8
10x64x4
10x32x6
10x32x2
10x16x8
10x16x4
2.5x32x6
2.5x32x2
2.5x16x8
2.5x16x4
2.5x8x6
2.5x8x2
0 Gb/s
System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs)
Figure 1: Transmission Capacity per Optical Fiber (8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s)
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Figure 2: Transmission Capacity per Submarine Cable
(8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s, 1 ~ 8 fiber pairs)
12,000 Gb/s
1,000 Gb/s = 1 Tb/s
10,000 Gb/s = 10 Tb/s
10,000 Gb/s
10,000 Gb/s = 10 Tb/s
8,000 Gb/s
6,000 Gb/s
Nomenclature: "10 x 32 x 4" means
"10 Gb/s x 32 waves x 4 fiber pairs"
4,000 Gb/s
2,000 Gb/s
40x32x8
40x32x4
40x16x6
40x16x2
40x8x8
40x8x4
10x128x6
10x128x2
10x64x8
10x64x4
10x32x6
10x32x2
10x16x8
10x16x4
2.5x32x6
2.5x32x2
2.5x16x8
2.5x16x4
2.5x8x6
2.5x8x2
0 Gb/s
System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs)
Figure 2: Transmission Capacity per Cable System (8 x 2.5 Gb/s ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s)
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Period from 1989 to 1999
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eg: TPC 3 = 2 x 280 Mb/s Optical Regenerator System
Japan - US Cable = 16 x 10 Gb/s x 4 fiber pairs

Greatest increase in capacity with introduction of WDM
technology

Extrapolation to Year 2010 ?

For example using the 'rule-of-thumb' growth rate prediction
of "2 times per year" from 1999 base ?
History of Submarine Cable Capacity
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Equivalent number of
Figure 3: Submarine Cable Capacity vs Time
voice circuits (uncompressed)
1,200 m
Prediction of 2x /yr
from 1999
100,000 Gb/s
= 100 Tb/s
128x10Gx6fp
120 m
10,000 Gb/s
= 10 Tb/s
64x10Gx6fp
32x10Gx6fp
12 m
32x10Gx4fp
1,000 Gb/s
JAPAN-US: 16x10Gx4fp
= 1 Tb/s
SOUTHERN CROSS: 16x2.5Gx4fp
1,200,000
100 Gb/s
CHINA-US: 8x2.5Gx4fp
SEA-ME-WE-3: 8x2.5Gx2fp
120,000
10 Gb/s
TPC-5: 1x5Gx2fp
TPC-4: 1x560Mb/s
1 Gb/s
TPC-3 : 1x280Mb/s
0 Gb/s
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Figure 3: Submarine Cable Capacity verses Time, 1989 ~ 2010 ?
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Breakdown of price has been changing as capacity has
increased

In past, large percentage of total price was in submerged plant,
and capacity was fixed from initial deployment

Increasing number of waves of WDM has led to increased
percentage of the total price is terminal equipment
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< 8 x 2.5 Gb/s: submerged 50 ~ 65 %; terminal 8 ~ 25 %
32 x 10 Gb/s: submerged 20 ~ 40 %; terminal 50 ~ 60 % (fully equipped)
(major variation is with SLTE - SLTE span)
Future terminal equipment approaching 70 % fully equipped?
Also an increase in floor space for terminal equipment
Price History of Submarine Cable Systems
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Price per unit of traffic capacity has dramatically decreased
("price-per-bit" or "price-per-STM-1" etc)

One of the factors stimulating cable deployment

Internet provided traffic demand (pull), and technology has
reduced the cost per bit faster than market decreases in selling
price per bit

For example





8 x 2.5 Gb/s to 16 x 2.5 Gb/s
~ 40 % decrease in cost per STM-1 due to technology
16 x 2.5 Gb/s to 16 x 10 Gb/s: ~ 65 % decrease in cost per STM-1
32 wave systems: perhaps 30 % ~ 35 % lower than 16 x 10 Gb/s ?
Full information in Figure 4 (2,000 km) and Figure 5 (8,000 km)
Price per Unit Capacity Comparison
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Figure 4: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km
8 ~ 32 x 2.5 Gb/s & 16 ~ 32 x 10 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs
700,000
600,000
1, 2, 3, 4, ... 6, ... 8 pairs
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
10x32x8
10x32x6
10x32x4
10x32x3
10x32x2
10x32x1
10x16x8
10x16x6
10x16x4
10x16x3
10x16x2
10x16x1
2.5x32x8
2.5x32x6
2.5x32x4
2.5x32x3
2.5x32x2
2.5x32x1
2.5x16x8
2.5x16x6
2.5x16x4
2.5x16x3
2.5x16x2
2.5x16x1
2.5x8x8
2.5x8x6
2.5x8x4
2.5x8x3
2.5x8x2
2.5x8x1
0
System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs)
Figure 4: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km Submarine Link
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Figure 5: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km
8 ~ 32 x 2.5 Gb/s & 16 ~ 32 x 10 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs
700,000
600,000
2, 4, 6, 8 pairs
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
10x32x8
10x32x6
10x32x4
10x32x2
10x16x8
10x16x6
10x16x4
10x16x2
2.5x32x8
2.5x32x6
2.5x32x4
2.5x32x2
2.5x16x8
2.5x16x6
2.5x16x4
2.5x16x2
2.5x8x8
2.5x8x6
2.5x8x4
2.5x8x2
0
System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs)
Figure 5: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km Submarine Link
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Optical Amplifier Bandwidth & Amplitude Response
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Traditionally used optical C-band (centered on 1,550 nm)
L-Band becoming available (new EDFA)
Bandwidth and flatness improvements
Terrestrial systems announced in mid-1999:
80 x 10 Gb/s in C-Band + 90 x 10 Gb/s in L-Band (1.7 Tb/s per fiber)
For submarine systems: C-Band = 26 nm, L-Band = 30 nm useable?
Number of WDM Channels, Bit Rate, Channel Spacing


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WDM wave spacing: 1.6nm  0.8 nm  0.4 nm
0.3 nm possible ? 0.2 nm unlikely ?
0.4 nm allows > 64 waves in C-Band plus > 64 waves in L-Band
Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Potential of Optical Fiber: perhaps 250 waves x 100 Gb/s = 25,000 Gb/s = 25 Tb/s ?
Total ~ 200 nm: 500 ~ 1,000 waves ?
Raman Fiber Amplifier
RFA
TDFA
Tellurite-Based
Erbium Doped
Fiber Amplifier
EDTFA
Thulium Doped
Flouride-Based
Fiber Amplifier
Erbium Doped
Fiber Amplifier
EDFA
GS-EDFA
80 nm: ~ 200 waves ?
1,450nm
C Band
S Band
S+ Band
1,490nm
1,530nm
1,550nm 1,570nm
Gain-Shifted
Erbium Doped
Fiber Amplifier
L Band
1,580nm 1,610nm
L+ Band
1,650nm
40 nm
Optical Fiber Spectrum & Types of Optical Amplifier
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Number of WDM Channels, Bit Rate, Channel Spacing (cont)
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As channel numbers increase, total power must be kept constant
and so power per wave decreases
Repeaters need to be closer together (price and noise increase)
Eventually, increasing the number of repeaters to give closer
repeater spacing gives worse performance (noise increase
overwhelms other gains). Limit of the technology is reached.
Optical Amplifier Pumping Technologies
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Traditionally 1,480 nm pumping lasers (cost & reliability)
980 nm lasers now available for lower noise in pre-amplifier stages
combination of 980 nm and 1,480 nm in 'forward' and 'reverse'
pumping directions currently optimum
Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Erbium Aluminum Doped Optical Fiber
L = 10 ~ 80m, Er ~ 500 ppm = 0.05 %
Long Period
Fiber Grating
Rear Modulator
Reflector / Isolator
LPG
Input
Output
20:1 Coupler
20:1 Coupler
WDM MUX
PIN
PIN
980nm Pumping
1,480nm Pumping
980nm Pump
Laser Diode
Input Level
Monitor
Photo-Diode
1,480nm Pump
Laser Diode
3dB
Coupler
Output Level
Monitor
Photo-Diode
3dB
Coupler
SV Monitor &
Control Circuiit
DC Input Power: 9 V 0.87 A ~ 8 W typ
Forward & Reverse Pumping Using 980 nm & 1,480 nm Pumping Lasers
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Optical Amplifier Pumping & Output Power
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Use of two 980 nm Pump Lasers and two 1,480 nm Pump Lasers is
now not only cost effective, but further benefits reliability against
hardware failures of lasers
Fiber non-linearities (not the amplifiers in the repeaters) now limit
the maximum output power
Optical Amplifier Noise Figure

Current schemes have reduced noise figure of the amplifiers from
6.7 dB to around 5.5 dB resulting in increased spans between
repeaters and lower overall costs
Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Non-Linear Effects / Optical Fiber Effective Area
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Non-Zero DSF has relatively small "effective area" compared to
regular "Single Mode Fiber" (SMF)
Concentration of the light energy causes non-linear effects in the
optical fiber
Several "Large Effective Area" optical fibers now available
"Large Effective Area Fiber" is itself more expensive, but used in the
first half of the span it allows higher output powers (without nonlinear distortions)
Hence increase repeater spacing (overall cost savings)
Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Dispersion Compensation
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Non-Zero DSF (or Large Effective Area optical fiber) + positive
dispersion fiber, to give overall average zero dispersion
But only at one wavelength!
Imperfect correction at other wavelengths
Increasing numbers of waves of WDM mean increased band-widths,
and the current dispersion compensation schemes are not perfect
over large band-widths.
Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Amplitude-Slope Compensation
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Amplitude-slope is introduced by the fiber itself as well as the
amplifiers
Current technologies only partially compensate
Active Gain-Slope Correction

New technology - remotely provisionable over the lifetime of the
system. Reduce initial margins, and hence repeater cost savings
Technology History, Current & Future Technology Trends
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Degraded Optical SNR
(Signal to Noise Ratio)
30.00
20.00
Input Signal
eg: 32 x 10 Gb/s
30.00
10.00
Noise Floor
0.00
-20.00
20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
After Transmission (Case 1)
10.00
30.00
0.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
Before Transmission
Degraded SNR
10.00
Uniform Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
Noise Floor
0.00
-20.00
Effect of Gain Slope in the Network
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
After Transmission (Case 2)
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Modulation Techniques
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Traditionally Non-Return-to-Zero coding (NRZ) was preferred
Recently significant advances in modulation hardware devices have
meant that Return-to-Zero modulation coding is simpler and more
cost effective for 10 Gb/s WDM systems
However other schemes (Optical Duo-Binary, etc) hold even further
promise for 40 Gb/s systems (improved dispersion tolerance, etc)
Forward Error Correction
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Redundant information to allow error correction at the far end
Bit rate is increased, but improvements in SNR far outweigh this
penalty
Currently 4 ~ 6 dB of improvement (7 % bit rate increase)
Advances in Terminal Equipment
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Forward Error Correction (cont)
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Next generation "Super FEC" gives 7 ~ 10 dB of improvement
(equivalent to > 4 x number of WDM waves)
Increased repeater spacing and significant cost savings
Increased maximum spans
Dispersion Compensation
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
Reverse Dispersion Fibers (RDF or +D / -D)
Improved technical performance as well as space savings at
terminal stations (less DCF)
Advances in Terminal Equipment
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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Slide 24
PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
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Tunable Lasers
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Big savings for customer in spares
Savings for manufacturer in number of different component types
Eventually multiple wavelength arrays - further cost savings
Floor Space Requirements
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Dense WDM systems require increasing terminal station space
Cable station space is a real cost to the customer
Re-locate SLTE to Central Station? (pros & cons)
Separate Cable termination & Power Feed (at shore station) from
SLTE (at intermediate site)
Use optical-layer protection instead of SDH protection
Advances in Terminal Equipment
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost

Next logical choice for transmission rate after 10 Gb/s is 40 Gb/s

Many technical challenges (much more difficult than the
migration 2.5 Gb/s  10 Gb/s)

Key issues include
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very high speed optical and electronic components
severe effects of Chromatic Dispersion, Self-Phase Modulation (SPM),
and Polarisation Mode Dispersion (PMD) in the optical fiber when
transmitting 40 Gb/s

To eventually be successful we know that 40 Gb/s systems will
need to offer capacity increase at significantly reduced price per
bit, as well as floor space savings

Past historical rule: “... 4 times the capacity for 2 ~ 3 times
the price ...” ? Assumed in this paper.
Next Generation 40 Gb/s Systems
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost

System prices modelled for spans of 2,000 km ('short-haul') and
8,000 km ('long-haul') as earlier discussed

In fact N x 40 Gb/s may be limited to less than 8,000 km for some
time to come ... but we assumed that the hurdles will eventually
be overcome

Current market prices used where items exist, and
'best estimate' prices used for future technologies

Hypothetical study, but rational and hopefully useful
Future Submarine Network Price Trends
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Figure 6: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km
16 ~ 128 x 10Gb/s & 8 ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs
100,000
90,000
N x 10 Gb/s
80,000
N x 40 Gb/s
70,000
1, 2, 3, 4, ... 6, ... 8 pairs
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
40x32x6
40x32x3
40x32x1
40x16x8
40x16x4
40x16x2
40x8x6
40x8x3
40x8x1
10x128x8
10x128x4
10x128x2
10x64x6
10x64x3
10x64x1
10x32x8
10x32x4
10x32x2
10x16x6
10x16x3
10x16x1
0
System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs)
Figure 6: Overall Price per STM-1 over 2,000 km Submarine Link
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
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PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost
Figure 7: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km
16 ~ 128 x10 Gb/s & 8 ~ 32 x 40 Gb/s, 2 ~ 8 fiber pairs
100,000
90,000
N x 10 Gb/s
80,000
N x 40 Gb/s
70,000
2, 4, 6, 8 pairs
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
40x32x8
40x32x6
40x32x4
40x32x2
40x16x8
40x16x6
40x16x4
40x16x2
40x8x8
40x8x6
40x8x4
40x8x2
10x128x8
10x128x6
10x128x4
10x128x2
10x64x8
10x64x6
10x64x4
10x64x2
10x32x8
10x32x6
10x32x4
10x32x2
10x16x8
10x16x6
10x16x4
10x16x2
0
System Type (line rate x waves x fiber pairs)
Figure 7: Overall Price per STM-1 over 8,000 km Submarine Link
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary
Slide 29
PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost

64 x 10 Gb/s compared to 32 x 10 Gb/s
(640 Gb/s per fiber pair cf 320 Gb/s per fiber pair) (2x)
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
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128 x 10 Gb/s compared to 64 x 10 Gb/s
(1,280 Gb/s per fiber pair cf 640 Gb/s per fiber pair) (2x)
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Long-haul: approx 25% savings (20 ~ 30%)
Short-haul: approx 23% savings (17 ~ 30 %)
Long-haul: 10 ~ 15% increase in price per bit (but capacity doubled)
Short-haul: approx same price per bit (but capacity doubled)
8 x 40 Gb/s compared to 32 x 10 Gb/s
(320 Gb/s per fiber pair in both cases) (1x)

15 ~ 20 % savings approx (short-haul or long-haul)
Price-per-Bit Comparison Summary
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary
Slide 30
PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost

16 x 40 Gb/s compared to 64 x 10 Gb/s
(640 Gb/s per fiber pair in both cases) (1x)
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~ 25 % savings approx (short-haul or long-haul)
Please correct your
hard-copy printout
32 x 40 Gb/s compared to 64 x 10 Gb/s
(1,280 Gb/s per fiber pair cf 640 Gb/s per fiber pair) (2x)

~ 50 % savings approx (short-haul or long-haul)
Price-per-Bit Comparison Summary
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary
Slide 31
PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost

64 x 10 Gb/s systems are economical compared to 32 x 10 Gb/s,
and will continue to provide good solutions for up to 5 Tb/s per
cable (64 x 10Gb/s x 8 fp) at low cost-per-bit

Next step of 128 x 10 Gb/s may not be so attractive from point of
view of ‘price per bit’ or floor space requirements

When 40 Gb/s systems become available commercially they will
compete well at 320 Gb/s per fiber and above, and will offer best
solutions for 320 Gb/s to 10 Tb/s per cable (32 x 40G x 8 fp)

40 Gb/s systems can be expected to much reduce floor space
requirements at terminal stations of very high capacity systems
Comparison of 40 Gb/s to 10 Gb/s
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary
Slide 32
PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost

The above analysis does not include SDH Multiplex or
Network protection Equipment

Combined SDH (SIE, MUX & NPE) typically represents approx
15 % of the total network price, fully equipped (& much less for
initial sub-equipped configurations; perhaps 3 ~ 7 % ?)

Other drivers are acting - SONET / SDH are excellent for voice
networks but somewhat inefficient for data-centric and
IP-centric networks: ‘IP over WDM’ vs ‘IP over SDH’

Separate the MUX / SDH SIE requirement from the NPE
requirement ?
Future Network Architectures & Protection Schemes
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary
Slide 33
PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost

Full function Network Protection can be provided by new optical
layer NPE equipment without the need for any protocol
dependence (SDH, etc), and with lower power consumption and
floor space requirements than for SDH

Price is already less than for SDH NPE in some configurations

Increased use of optical layer NPE in terrestrial networks will
soon see further price reductions in optical switches and optical
NPE's
Future Network Architectures & Protection Schemes
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary
Slide 34
PTC2000: Tera-Bit Optical Submarine Networks - Meeting the Market's Demand at the Lowest Overall Cost

We have tried to identify the impacts of recent technology
developments on both capacity, price, & price-per-bit for
submarine cable networks

In future there seem to be several identifiable promising new key
technologies, including 40 Gb/s transmission, which will be able
to be exploited to give further capacity increases and at the
same time give price-per-bit decreases

The era of ‘Terabit’ Submarine Cable Networks is certainly
already with us - and the same kind of technology
developments which made those networks feasible seem likely
to be able to continue to offer the future solutions which the
market-place demands, and at affordable prices
Summary & Conclusions
File: Tera-Bit Submarine Networks.ppt Issue 2.2 28 January 2000
Copyright - Fujitsu Proprietary
Slide 35