Transcript 12 bio cells activity

Mitochondria
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Lindsey,
Alex and
Elektra
Known as the ‘power producers’ of the cell
Provides energy a cell needs to move, divide,
produce secretory products, contract
Cellular respiration, which is the mitochondria’s main
functions is:
Glucose + O2  energy +H2O + CO2
Mitochondria use your fat and protein as energy
sources
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Kearns-Sayre syndrome:
A neuromuscular disease
caused by defects of the
DNA in the mitochondria
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Leads to:
1. Heart disease
2. Degeneration of the retina
3. Progressive paralysis of
certain eye muscles
• Function:
Nucleus & Nucleolus
– controls the hereditary characteristics of an
organism (contains DNA)
– Storage of proteins and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
in the nucleolus
– Production of ribosome's (protein factories) in
the nucleolus
• Structure:
– structure of a cell nucleus consists of nuclear
membrane (nuclear envelope), nucleoplasm,
nucleolus and chromosomes
• Diseases:
– caused by viral infections, increased nucleolar
activity, or simply by congenital mutations
affecting the nucleolar proteins
– Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Directs the HIV-1 Rev protein to the nucleus
– Down Syndrome
• Has an extra chromosome 21
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Structure
-made up of a network of tubules, sacs,
vessels that are interconnected
• Function
-Protein synthesis
-Production of steroids
-Production and storage of glycogen
Scham, Mitchell, Marika
Endoplasmic reticulum storage
disease
• Mutated protein caused by ingesting toxins
• Endoplasmic reticulum creates the
mutated protein which can be detrimental
to the cell
Scham, Mitchell, Marika
Ribosomes
Where are they found?
Because protein synthesis is so important to cells, there are
large numbers of ribosomes found throughout cells, often
numbering in the hundreds or thousands.
Function
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, where RNA is
translated into protein. When cells need large numbers of
proteins, they must first build numerous ribosomes
Ribosome Shape
Ribosomes are made of two subunits; one larger and one
smaller. It is made up of proteins and has a globular shape.
This is so that mRNA can pass through during translation.
Amirah and Avery
Diamond-Blackfan anaemia is a condition where individuals
have a low red blood cell count. Red blood cells are needed to
transport oxygen round the body. It is an extremely rare
condition and it is believed to be with blood cell production in
the bone marrow. Scientists concluded that the condition is a
ribosomal protein disease. What appears to be happening is
that mutations in this gene affect protein synthesis. This
affected protein plays an essential role in the manufacture of
ribosomes, so loss of function will have serious knock-on
effects.
Golgi Apparatus
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Structure
Found in plant and animal cells
Composed of stacks of cisternae
– Membrane bound structures
4 functional regions
– Cis-Golgi network
– Medial-Golgi
– Endo-Golgi
– Trans-Golgi
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Function
Synthesizes different
macromolecules
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Diseases/Conditions
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Related to Alzheimer's disease
Jamie & Abdi
Lysosomes
Michelle Sweeny, Danny Liu
Found in eukaryotic cells
Main Function- hold a variety of digestive
enzymes which digest excess or worn out organelles,
food particles and engulfed viruses or bacteria. When food enters
the cell, lysosomes break down the nutrients (this process known
as autophagy). However, when deprived of nutrients the lysomes
engulf surrounding organelles to absorb nutrients.
Structure- a spherical organelle that varies in size that is
enclosed by a protien based membrane that seperates the
remainder of the cell to be seperated by harsh acidic (pH of 4.8)
digestive enzymes which are made in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosomal Storage Disease- are made up of
a group of about 50 metabolic disorders that result from infection
in lysosomal function.
Centrioles
DISORDERS • Meckel-Gruber Syndromeinability of centrioles to migrate
properly during mitosis or
meiosis
STRUCTURE • Barrel-shaped cell structure
• Contain microfilaments and
they run throughout the cell
and moves chromosomes
around during mitosis and
meiosis
• The barrel shape helps the
centrioles run throughout the
cell and make it easier to move
chromosomes due to the
length
Chloroplasts
•Chloroplasts are vital organelles located in eukaryotic plant cells that allows
the process of photosynthesis to occur.
•It has been proven that chloroplasts can be interconnected by tubular
bridges known as stromules. Stromules are formed as extensions of the
outer plant membrane. A network can be formed via stromules, allowing
chloroplasts to exchange proteins throughout the organelle.
A disease related to chloroplasts can
occur in tomatoe’s thylakoid (part of
chloroplast cell structure). During the
acclimation of the tomato leaves, a
change in leaf and fruit radiance can
occur over a period of several days
By Maria T, Madeleine H & Chris D
Cell Wall
• The wall gives cells rigidity and
strength, it allows organisms to
build and hold their shape. It
prevents large, harmful,
molecules from entering the
cell. It helps to retain water in
plant cells.
• The composition, properties,
and shape of the cell wall may
change during the cell cycle
and depend on growth
conditions.
• Some antibiotics target the
bacterial cell wall to interfere
with essential bacterial
enzymes and this destroys the
cell wall.
Will, Hannah, Allison
Cell Junctions
Cell junctions play an important role in maintaining
the quality of tissues in multicellular organisms and
some, if not all of them, are involved in signal
transduction.
The tight junction, on the top right, is shaped like a
wall, acting as a barrier so that material cannot pass
between two interacting cells.
The gap junction, on the bottom right, has a gap
between the membrane of contacting cells so that
the cytoplasm of the two is connected.
Diseases: Defects in cell junctions can result in
heart diseases such as cardiomyopathy, a defect in
the heart muscle leading to an irregular heart beat
and, eventually, muscle failure. It has also been
linked to Autism and Hailey-Hailey Disease.
Nerve cells
• Funtion:
– Carries information
throughout the body by
using nerve impulses
– Axons carry information
away from the body
– Dendrites carry information
to the body
• Organelles:
– ribosome and rough
endoplasmic reticulum (rER
• responsible for protein
production and packaging
– Mitochondria
– Golgi Apparatus
Epithelial cells
Epithelial cells join together to form epithelial
membranes or tissue. At times called the epithelium,
these sheets cover the outer surface of the body,
helping create the form the body, as well as line body
cavities. The major function of epethilial tissue is to
line and protect vital cells in the body. The single
largest example of this is the upper layers of the skin.
These are layered cells which are designed to keep
the body protected from pathogens. These cells are
also involved in filtration, secretion, and absorption.
Organelles in the Epithelial Cell
The structures in the Epithelial cell are the
same as that of a animal cell. The Nucleus is
the largest organelle in the cell. It's main
responsibility is overall control and
management of the cell. Next is the
Endoplasmic Reticulum, which synthesizes
fatty acids and phospholipids, and the
proteins of the plasma membrane. Lysosomes
are in charge of the destruction of obsolete
parts of the cell
Bone Cells
• There are four different kinds of bone cells:
-Osteogenic Cells: responsible for trauma
response
-Osteoblasts: responsible for bone repair,
and bone formation
-Osterocytes: maintain metabolism plus
waste exchange through the blood
-Osteoclasts: recycling bone material
Scham, Mitchell, Marika
Bone Cells-Important organelles in
the cell
• Lots of rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
Scham, Mitchell, Marika
Red Blood
Cells
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Also known as ‘erythrocytes’
They’re ovular shaped for max.
surface area (SA)
It is the most abundant blood cell
in the body
Transport O2, CO2, nutrients and
waste in the blood throughout the
body
Lindsey, Alex and Elektra
Sickle Cell
Anemia
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Red blood cells form an abnormal
crescent shape caused by abnormal
type of hemoglobin
Shape limits the amount of O2
provided to the body
Genetic
Some symptoms include: fever,
fatigue, rapid heart rate chest pains
and paleness
White Blood Cells
IMPORTANT ORGANELLES•
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Lysosomes - helps white blood
cells digest unwanted bacteria and
viruses.
Neucleus – The “brain” of the cell,
helps it perform its function
properly.\
STRUCTURE •
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No definite shape, irregular,
bumpy, white spheres (most
common)
Larger compared to other cells
Their large shape allows them to
easily digest smaller invading
bacteria.
Striated Muscle Cells
Michelle Sweeny, Danny Liu
Main Function- One of three major muscle types. Made
up of individual muscle fibers, controls heat regulation,
movement, support and muscle tone (also known as skeletal
muscle). It is also responsible for maintaining the posture
stabilizing the joints and producing body heat by muscle
function.
Structure- It is composed
by many small fibers which are
formed from even smaller mono
nucleated cells.
The muscle has a striated pattern,
which results from abundances of
certain types of protein present
in the muscle.
Cardiac muscle cells
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Structure
Found in heart
Cells are joined end-to-end
Each cell has a single nucleus
Important Organelles
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Intercellular junction called
“Intercalated disc”
Nuclei
Function
Responsible for pumping blood
through the heart chambers into
the blood vessels
Jamie & Abdi
Phloem
• A type of tissue that transports
sugars in vascular plants
• Plays a minor role in structural
support
• Since the phloem extends
throughout the entire plant
sugars can be transported
easily
• Related Organelles:
Sieve tube cells-no nucleus, thin
cytoplasm, and few organelles
Companion cells- contains a
nucleus, organelles and very
dense cytoplasm full of
nutrients.
Will, Hannah, Allison
Xylem
The long treachery elements that
transport water are the most
distinctive elements that can be found
in xylem cells. Tracheids and vessel
elements are recognized by the spots
that appear on inner and outer walls
of the vessel. The connection
between these vessel elements are
referred to as vessels.
Xylem is commonly found in:
• in the roots of woody and non-woody
plants
• vascular plants
• i.e. ferns, clubmosses and flowering
plants
The tubular structure of the xylem aids
in its main function; transporting water
and mineral nutrients from the roots
throughout the plant. It also allows
water flow back to replenish plants after
they undergo both photosynthesis and
transpiration.
By Maria T, Madeleine H & Chris D
Parenchyma Cells
Parenchyma cells are thin-walled cells of the ground
tissue that make up the bulk of majority of nonwoody
structures, but sometimes their cell walls can be lignified.
Parenchyma cells in the middle of the epidermis and
pericycle in a root or shoot constitute the cortex, and are
used for storage of food.