Transcript prokaryotic cells

Cells and Organelles
The building blocks of Life
Mr. Carter’s Science Class
The Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells.
 New cells are only produced from
existing cells.
 Cells are made of chemical
compounds and run on chemical
reactions.
 All Cells contain DNA.
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Levels of Organization
1. List all of the levels of organization that
are SMALLER than cells.
 2. List all of the levels of organization that
are BIGGER than cells.
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Levels of Organization
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1. List all of the levels of organization that
are SMALLER than cells.
 Protons,neutrons,electrons
 Atoms
 Compounds
 Organelles
(or molecules)
A Cell
Levels of Organization
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2. List all of the levels of organization that
are BIGGER than cells.
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Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Species
Ecosystem
Planet
Solar System
Galaxy
Universe
The 2 Basic Types of Cells
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Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cells)
 Cells
that DO NOT have a nucleus and
organelles
 Examples: bacteria
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Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cells)
 Cells
that DO have a nucleus and other
organelles
 Examples: plant cells, fungi cells, and
animal cells
Cell Organelle
Specialized structures that perform
specific functions in the cell are called
organelles.
 Organelle means “little organ”.
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Organelle Name
Physical Description: What the organelle
looks like
 Function: What the organelle DOES for the
cell
 Type of Cell: Which type of cell contains
this organelle?
 Analogy: If the cell were a factory, what
would this cell organelle be and why?
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Cell Wall
Physical Description: Thick, strong barrier
around the cell made of indigestible
carbohydrates.
 Function: supports and protects the cell
 Type of Cell: found in plant, bacteria, and
fungi cells. NOT in animal cells.
 Analogy: it is like the walls, ceiling, and
floor of a factory because they protect the
factory and support the structure.
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Cell Membrane
Physical Description: thin, flexible barrier
made of phospholipids around the cell
(just inside the cell wall OR the outside
border of animal cells)
 Function: controls what enters and leaves
the cell; support and protection
 Type of Cell: found in all cells
 Analogy: it is like the security guard of a
factory because it controls what enters
and leaves the cell
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Cytoplasm
Physical Description: the fluid-like material
inside the cell membrane that fills up the
cell
 Function: all cell organelles floar around in
the cytoplasm; “cell jelly”
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 Site
for chemical reactions
Type of Cell: found in all cells
 Analogy: it is like the air of a factory
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Nucleus
Physical Description: large organelle that is
usually near the center; contains the cell’s
genetic material (DNA)
 Function: controls the cells activities by
protecting the DNA
 Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
 Analogy:it is like the office of a factory because
that is where the boss is kept
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Nuclear Membrane
(aka Nuclear Envelope)
Physical Description: double layered
membrane that surrounds the nucleus;
has pores
 Function: Protects the nucleus; pores
allow material in and out of the nucleus.
 Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
 Analogy: it is like the office door of a
factory because it lets things into and out
of the office.
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
DNA
Physical Description: The nucleic acid found
inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or floating
freely in prokaryotic cells.
 Function: controls the cells activities by
controlling the making of proteins (protein
synthesis).
 Type of Cell: found inside the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells, or floating freely in prokaryotic
cells.
 Analogy: it is like the boss of a factory because
he controlls the factory
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
RNA
Physical Description: The nucleic acid that copies
the DNA and then makes proteins for the cell
 Function: carries the DNA’s code and translates
it into proteins.
 Type of Cell: found inside the cytoplasm of all
cells
 Analogy: it is like the manager of a factory
because she takes the boss’ orders to the
workers.
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Rough ER)
Physical Description: internal membrane
system covered in ribosomes (so that it
looks rough)
 Function: assembles and modifies proteins
made in the ribosomes
 Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
 Analogy: it is like the assembly line of a
factory
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Ribosomes
Physical Description: very small, round
structures either attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum or free (floating in
the cytoplasm)
 Function: makes proteins
 Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes AND
some prokaryotes
 Analogy: they are like the workers in a
factory
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Smooth ER)
Physical Description: internal membrane
system without ribosomes
 Function: Assembles lipids and other
components of the cell membrane
 Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
 Analogy: it is like the assembly line of a
factory
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Golgi Apparatus
Physical Description: stack of flattened
membranes in the cytoplasm
 Function: attaches carbohydrates and
lipids to proteins; send proteins to their
final destination
 Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
 Analogy: it is like the shipping department
of a factory because it packages and
moves proteins
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Lysosome
Physical Description: small, round sacks in
the cytoplasm
 Function: breaks down lipids,
carbohydrates, and proteins into useable
molecules; break down old or damaged
organelles
 Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes BUT
are very rare in plant cells
 Analogy: it is like the janitor of a factory
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Vacuole
Physical Description: large, spacious sack
in the cytoplasm
 Function: stores materials for the cell
(water, food, waste, etc…)
 Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
(usually one large vacuole in plants and
many small vacuoles in animals)
 Analogy: it is like the storage warehouse
of a factory
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Mitochondria
Physical Description: “bean-shaped”
organelle that has a folded inner
membrane (called cristae)
 Function: use FOOD and Oxygen to make
ATP (ENERGY) compounds for use by the
cell
 Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
 Analogy: it is like the power plant or coalburning furnace of a factory because it
makes the energy for the cell
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Chloroplast
Physical Description: flattened discs that
contains chlorophyll (a green pigment).
Looks like a stack of green pancakes.
 Function: use energy from SUNLIGHT to
MAKE sugar molecules through
photosynthesis
 Type of Cell: found in plant/algae cells
 Analogy: it is like the solar panels of a
factory because they trap the sun’s light
and turn it into useful sugars for the cell.
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Cytoskeleton
Physical Description: a network of protein
filaments in the cytoplasm; made of
microtubules (microscopic beams)
 Function: helps support the cell and
maintain its shape; moves organelles
within the cell; aids in cell movement
 Type of Cell: found in all cells
 Analogy: it is like the support beams and
cranes of a factory
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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
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Cell Wall
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Are angular
Chloroplasts
 No Centrioles
 Lysosomes are rare
 1 Large Vacuole
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No Cell Wall
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Are roundish
No Chloroplasts
 Centrioles
 Lysosomes are
common
 Several Small
Vacuoles
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Job of Cells
The main job of all cells is to make
proteins, grow, and eventually reproduce.
 Different cell types do different things
 Protein production:
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 Ribosome
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 Endoplasmic Reticulum 
 Golgi Apparatus 
 Final Destination of the Protein (may be
outside of the cell)
All cells are made up of 4 molecules
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3 of them are on any nutrition facts
panel.
Fats (lipids)
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
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The 4th are found in all living
things.
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
Group
Carbohydrate
Examples
Glucose
Cellulose
Glycogen
Functions
1.Short term energy source
2.Structure of plants
Lipids
Fats and oils
1. Components of membranes
2.Long term energy storage
3.Insulation
Proteins
Enzymes
Sucrase and lactase
Keratin
Collagen
Organic catalysts
Digestive enzymes
Structural protein in muscles, hair,
and skin
Nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
ATP
1. Information molecule
2.Molecule of heredity
3.Director of metabolism involved in
protein synthesis
4.immediate source of energy for
cellular work