Transcript BIOL 103 Ch13 Childhood to Adult Nutrition for Students

From Childhood through
Adulthood Nutrition
BIOL 103, Chapter 13
Today’s Topic
• Childhood Nutrition
• Adult/Mature Adult
Childhood
• Childhood vs. Adolescence:
– Childhood:
– Adolescence:
• Category of Childhood:
– Toddlers: 1-3 years old
– Preschoolers: 4-5 years old
– School-aged children: 6-10 years old
Energy and Nutrient Needs During
Childhood
• Energy and Protein
– Total energy requirements gradually increases
– Kilocalories and grams protein per kg of body
weight decreases from infancy
• Vitamins and Minerals
– Variety of foods needed
– Assess iron intake
Childhood
• Vitamin and Mineral
Supplements
– Recommended balance
of food groups for kids is
the same as adults.
– Who should receive
supplements?
Influences on Childhood Food Habits
and Intake
• Toddler’s food habits are usually temporary
• Idea is to promote self-regulation of energy
intake.
– Caregivers have increased role in the development
of child’s health and nutrition habits  safe,
sanitary, and supportive environment.
• Examples:
– Kids are responsible for when and how much to
eat.
Influences on Childhood Food Habits
and Intake
• External factors
1. Television
• Why?
2. Environmental factors:
Nutritional Concerns of Childhood
1. Malnutrition and hunger
– Food insecurity: people who take in enough
calories but have diets of reduced quality that do
not met all daily requirements.
– Federal assistance programs:
•
•
•
•
WIC
SNAP (formerly the Food Stamp Program)
National School Lunch
Breakfast and Summer Food Service Program
Nutrition Concerns of Childhood
2. Food and behavior
– Caffeine in soft drinks and energy drinks make
children jittery and interfere with sleep.
– Foods associated with hyperactivity
• Definition: a maladaptive and abnormal increase in
activity that is inconsistent with developmental levels.
• Examples:
– Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• No solid proof that ADHD is associated with sugar
• Food preservatives and colorings may enhance
hyperactive behaviors (further research needed)
Nutrition Concerns of
Childhood (PS#13, Q2)
3. Childhood overweight
– ~32% of children age 2-19 years are overweight or
obese
– Programs designed to treat childhood obesity
generally provide behavior modification and
exercise counseling, instead of restricting caloric
intake or food choices.
• Usual strategy:
Nutrition Concerns of Childhood
4. Nutrition and chronic disease
– Eating with adults  _______________________
• Infants/Toddlers need fat in their diet for growth, organ
protection, and CNS development
• Children 2+ should consume diet lower in fat, saturated
fat, and cholesterol to reduce risks for chronic diseases.
– Q: What are some examples of chronic diseases?
– Dietary Guidelines for Americans
• AAP recommends screening children with family history
of high lipid levels
Nutrition Concerns of Childhood
5. Lead toxicity
– How?
– Can lead to:
• Slow growth
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Damage to brain and CNS 
– Low iron, calcium, and zinc intakes increase lead
absorption
Nutrition Concerns of Childhood
• Vegetarianism
– Nutrients to emphasize
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calcium
Iron
Zinc
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Figure 13.4 Factors that contribute to childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is on the rise, and it predisposes
children to health problems when they become adults.
Adolescence
• Adolescence: time between onset of puberty
and adulthood
– Puberty: period of life during which the secondary
sex characteristics develop and the ability to
reproduce is attained.
• Maturation process includes both physical
growth and emotional maturation
Adolescence
• Physical growth and development
– Height:
• For girls: begins between 10-11yrs
– 6 inches in height, 35 lbs in weight
1. Peak one year before menarche
2. 2-4 inches during the remainder of adolescence
• For boys: begins between 12-13 yrs
– 8 inches in height, 45 lbs in weight
– Thus, an malnourished adolescent may not
achieve his/her full potential height when growth
period is over.
Adolescence
• Physical growth and development
– Changes in body composition
• Boys: increase in lean body mass
• Girls: increase in body fat
–Changes in emotional maturity
• Psychological development affects food
choices, eating habits, body images.
Nutrient Needs of Adolescents
• Energy and protein
– Highest total calories and
protein grams per day than
at any other time of life
(exception of pregnancy
and lactation)
• Vitamins and minerals
– Nutrients of concern:
Nutrition Needs of Adolescents
• Influences on Adolescent Food Intake
– Examples?
– Environment: School cafeteria and vending
machines selling sports drinks, added-sugar
beverages, and high fat meals/snacks.
Figure 13.7 Factors that influence adolescent food
choices
Social, cultural, psychological factors, especially
peer pressure, strongly influence adolescent food
choices.
Nutrition-Related Concerns for
Adolescents
1. Fitness and Sports
– Can provide catalyst for learning about nutrition and
improve daily habits
2. Acne
– Investigating the connections between diets and acne
•
Examples:
3. Eating disorders
– Becomes preoccupied with weight, appearance, and
eating habits.
– Not just a “girl’s problem”
Nutrition-Related Concerns for
Adolescents
4. Obesity
– Risk factors:
•
•
Physical:
– Developing high blood pressure
– Abnormal blood glucose tolerance and type 2
diabetes
– Breathing problems, joint pain, and heartburn.
Psychological:
– ______________________________________
Nutrition-Related Concerns for
Adolescents (PS13, Q3a)
5. Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drug
– Period of experimentation
– Alcohol and drug use may take priority over
adequate food intake
– Teens who use drugs are usually underweight
and report poor appetites
•
•
•
Marijuana 
Tobacco 
Alcohol 
Staying Young While Growing Older
• Age-related changes
– Weight and body composition
• Add fat; lose lean body mass
• Overweight/obese  chronic diseases
• Underweight  cardiovascular disease and
osteoporosis
– Physical activity
• Loss of lean body mass  _______________________
____________________________________________
• Regular physical activities reduces disease risk and
improves mental health.
Staying Young While Growing Older
• Age-related concerns (cont.):
– Immunity
• Decline in defense mechanisms around 40-50 yrs old
– Examples:
• Increased risk for urinary tract infections, upper
respiratory illness (pneumonia, influenza)
– Taste and smell
• Decline in sensitivity  thus, increases intake foods
high in ______________________.
• Better to serve foods with stronger flavors and odors
over bland food.
Staying Young While Growing Older
• Age-related concerns (cont.):
– Gastrointestinal changes
1. Reduced saliva production 
1. Reduced acid secretion (HCl and pepsin)  less
efficient food digestion and allow the development of
atrophic gastritis  interfere with B12 absorption
2. Reduced GI motility 
Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
• Energy
– Reduced calorie needs
– Physical activity increases energy requirements
while also helping to delay some loss in lean mass.
• Protein
– Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults
Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
• Carbohydrate
– 45-65% of calories in diet (high-carb)
– Fiber  prevents constipation and diverticulosis,
reduce risk for diabetes, promote healthy body weight
• Fat
– Maintain a moderate low-fat diet
• Water
– Reduced thirst response  dehydration
– Fluid recommendations are same as younger adults
Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
• Vitamins of concern
– Vitamin D
• Needed for bone health, calcium balance  if not,
osteoporosis
• Aging skin and tissues  reduced skin synthesis and
activation of vitamin D
• Higher needs compared to younger adults
– B vitamins
• Reduced ability to absorb B12
• Folate, B6, B12, may help reduce ______________________
• Should consume _____ fortified foods and supplements
Nutrient Needs for Mature Adults
• Antioxidants
– Found in fruits and vegetables
– Important to reduce oxidative stress and
degenerative diseases such as cataracts,
Alzheimer, and macular degeneration.
– May protect against damage to the brain
Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
• Minerals of concern
– Calcium: Bone health
• Reasons:
– Zinc: Immunity and wound healing
• Marginal deficiencies likely
• Avoid excess supplementation
– Iron
• Elders may have limited intake
Figure 13.16 Micronutrients of particular concern for
older people
As we age, our energy needs decline, but our vitamin
and mineral needs remain stable.
This makes nutrient-dense foods especially important for
older adults.
Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature
Adults
1. Drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions
– Can affect use of drugs or nutrients
– Herbal supplements, vitamins and minerals
supplementation in high doses should be viewed as
drugs
– Possible interactions should be identified and avoided
2. Depression
– Common among institutionalized and low-income
seniors
– May reduce food intake
– Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient usage
Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature
Adults
3. Anorexia of aging
– Loss of appetite with illness
– Can lead to __________________ malnutrition
4. Arthritis (pain and swelling in joints)
– May interfere with food preparation and eating
– Medications may interfere with nutrient
absorption
– Managing weight and dietary changes may
improve symptoms
Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature
Adults
5. Bowel and bladder regulation
– Increased risk of urinary tract infection
– Chronic constipation more common with age
6. Dental health
– Tooth loss, difficulty swallowing, and mouth pain
may interfere with eating ability or food choices
Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature
Adults
7. Vision Problems
– Can affect ability to shop and cook
– Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration
8. Osteoporosis
– Common in elders, especially women
– Maintain calcium, vitamin D, and exercise
Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature
Adults
9. Alzheimer’s disease – accumulation of
plaques in certain regions of the brain and
degeneration of a certain class of neurons
– Affects ability to obtain, prepare, and consume an
optimal diet.
– Reduced taste and smell
– Risk for weight loss and malnutrition
Meal Management for Mature Adults
• Managing independence
• Finding community resources
– Service for elders
• Meals on Wheels
• Elderly Nutrition Program
• Food Stamp Program/SNAP