Transcript Ch. 1 The Cell PowerPoint

Do Now!! 
What characteristics are common to all
living things?
What are cells?
Name different types of cells you know of...
THE CELL
Chapter 1
Do Now!! 
What are the two main types of cells?
Do all cells have the same structure?
Look at the cells to
the right. What are
some similarities?
Differences?
Objectives
 Describe
how cells were discovered and named.
 Identify the scientists that discovered and observed
cells.
 List the 3 parts of the cell theory.
What is a cell?
 Basic structural and
functional unit of all
living organisms!
 They come in different
shapes + sizes
Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Unicellular – a single cell
Multicellular – made up of many cells
How were cells discovered?
The microscope helped
discover cells!
Who discovered the cell?
ROBERT HOOKE
 Observed DEAD cork cells
 Said boxes looked like tiny
rooms or jail “cells”.
 Used a microscope at 30x
magnification
Cork
cells!
*Cork is from tree bark
(dead cells)
Animalcules 
Who else discovered the cell?
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
 Observed pond water
 1st to observe “living” cells
 Used a microscope at 300x magnification
Spirogyra
Protist
Do you have these recipes at home?
People thought organisms grew from non-living materials!
Francisco Redi Experiment
 Placed meat in both an open container and a closed
container to see what happened.
Redi’s Conclusion
 Maggots come from flies,
NOT the meat!
 Life must come from life,
which proved that
spontaneous generation is
not real!
 People still did not believe him
but he was right.
Louis Pasteur Experiment
 Showed that bacteria are present in air and do not appear
spontaneously.
Louis Pasteur Conclusions
 Discovered that cells MUST
come from other cells
 Disproved “Spontaneous
Generation” and said life
cannot just appear out of
nowhere.
 Helped verify Redi’s research!
Pasteurization
 Pasteur came up with the idea of
Pasteurization after discovering
bacteria could contaminate milk
from the air.
 This process kills the bacteria so
that it does not harm us!
 Used in milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.
Cell Theory =
1. Every living thing is made of one or more
cells
2. Cells carry out the functions needed to
support life
3. Cells come only from other living cells
Do Now!! 
Describe
the experiment for the scientists
listed below:
 Robert
Hooke
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
 Francisco Redi
 Louis Pasteur
Objectives
 Compare
and contrast a scanning electron
microscope vs. a transmission electron
microscope.
 Describe prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Section 1.2 - Microscopes
How small are cells?
 Unit used = micrometer (um)
One millionth of a meter
 Most cells range
from 1 um to 1000 um.
Types of Microscopes
1. Light Microscope
2. SEM Microscope
3. TEM Microscope
Light Microscope
 Uses light
 Looks at thin specimen
 Total Magnification
=
40x-1000x
 Use to see cells, but not
detailed organelles
SEM vs. TEM
SEM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
“Scanning electron
microscope”
Beams of electrons bounce
off the surface of the
coated cell.
Images appear 3DOutside Specimen
Total Magnification =
100,000x
Must be dead . Specimen
coated in metal
TEM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
“Transmission electron
microscope”
Electrons pass through the
think section.
Images appear 2D
Total Magnification =
300,000x
Allows us to see organelles
inside the cell
SEM
TEM
Do Now!! 
What
are the three types of
microscopes?
Which would you use if you
wanted to see detailed organelles?
What is found INSIDE a cell?
Do plant cells and animal cells have
the same stuff inside?
Objectives
 To
compare and contrast animal vs. plant cells.
 Identify each organelle in a diagram of a cell.
 Explain the function of each organelle
 To create flash cards for the next test
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
 What
are the differences you can see?
Prokaryotic Cells
 Have
circular DNA
 NO nucleus
 Do not have membrane
bound organelles
 Most unicellular
organisms are
prokaryotes
Example: Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
 Have linear DNA –
double helix shape
 Have nucleus
 Have membrane bound
Example: You!
organelles
 All multicellular
organisms are eukaryotic
cells. Some are
unicellular.
Cheek Cells
Cell Organelles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm/cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Centrioles
9. Cilia and Flagella
10. Mitochondria
11. Central Vacuole
12. Chloroplasts
13. Cell Wall
Each organelle has its own
purpose and function!!
Index Cards!
Front:
Name of Organelle
Drawing
Back:
Location
Function
Plasma Membrane
THE OUTSIDE – protects
the internal structures of
the cell.
Selective permeability Determines what comes in
and out of the cell
A.K.A- Cell Membrane!
Found in: Animal and Plant
cells
Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm- Clear FLUID
that contains the
organelles.
Cytoskeleton- Provides
the FRAMEWORK for the
cell, holds organelles in
place.
Found in: Plant and Animal
cells
Nucleus- CONTROLS the
cell
Nucleolus- produces
ribosomes
Nuclear Pores- Allows
things in and out of the
nucleus.
Nuclear EnvelopeMembrane surrounding
nucleus
Found in: Plant and Animal
Nucleus
Do Now!! Challenge Question 
Where
do you find the DNA in
a eukaryotic cell?
If prokaryotes do not have a
nucleus, where is their DNA?
Ribosomes
Produces Proteins!
Proteins are made up
of one or more
polypeptide chains of
amino acids.
Found in: Plant and
Animal
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough- Contains
ribosomes and
synthesizes
PROTEINS
Smooth- No
Ribosomes,
synthesizes LIPIDS
(fats)
Found in: Plant and Animal
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies proteins
and fats and gets
them ready for
export!
(proteins are
eventually released
to outside of cell)
Found in: Animal and
Plant
Do Now!! 
 Think of the lab with cheek and onion
cells.
 What were some differences you noticed
between the two kinds of cells?
Similarities?
Lysosomes
*The clean-up crew!
Contains
ENZYMES that
break down
cellular waste
product and debris
Found in: Mainly
animal
Centrioles
Organelles made of
microtubules involved
in cell division (located
in cytoplasm)!
(will talk about this later
when we do mitosis!)
Found in: Animal
Cilia and Flagella
Cilia- Used in stationary
cells for moving substances
around the outside of the
cell (look like hairs).
Flagella- Used in cells for
movement (longer & less
numerous than cilia).
Found in: Animal and
Prokaryote
Mitochondria
Convert oxygen into
ENERGY (ATP)
(we will talk about this
more when we do cellular
respiration!!)
Found in: Animal and
Plant
*Powerhouse of the cell!!
Central Vacuole
LARGE WATER “bubble” in the
plant cell
Maintains the SHAPE of the cell,
without it, the plant cell would
shrink and the plant would wilt
Stores water, along with ions,
nutrients, and waste.
Found in: Plant
Chloroplasts
Captures LIGHT
ENERGY and
converts it to
chemical energy
(sugar)
Found in: Plant
Cell Wall
Supports the plant
cell and maintains
its shape
Works with central
vacuole to maintain
“Turgor Pressure”
Found in: Plant
Do Now!! 
Challenge Question!
How
can the chloroplast, a structure
found in plant cells but not in
animal cells, provide energy for
both plants and animals?
Objectives
 To
compare and contrast animal vs. plant cells.
 Identify each organelle in a diagram of a cell.
 Explain the function of each organelle
 To create flash cards for the next test
 To label animal and plant cells
Animal vs. Plant cells
 Please create a Venn diagram:
Plant
Animal
Endosymbiotic Theory
Explains the origin
of chloroplasts and
mitochondria and
their complex, double
membranes.
Theory: Chloroplasts
and Mitochondria
were once
prokaryotes that were
engulfed!!
Theory = Evidence!!
•Have circular DNA like bacteria
•Replicates(reproduces) like bacteria separate from the host
cell
•Make their own proteins
•Two membranes (one from the host cell and one from their
own cell membrane)
Specialization
Specific cells perform specific functions.
 Ex: Blood cells can only be blood cells. Muscle
cells cannot be turned into blood cells.
•
Organization
Organisms are organized:
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Organization: plants too!
Cell  Tissue  Organ (leaf)  Organ system (leaves,
stems, roots)  Organism
Do Now!! 
o Which is a plant cell? Animal cell? How do
you know?
o What is the role of the mitochondria?