Transcript Notebook Check 2S1 Astronomy Stds. 1a,1b,1c

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• CHARACTERISTICS
– Solid, rocky
– Albedo (reflected light) only 7%
(E’s=31%)
– No atmosphere
127 C (260.6 F) to -173 (-343.4 F) C
– No erosion
No wind
No flowing water/but October 9, 2009 discovered ice
traces
• STRUCTURES
– Highlands
Light colored
Mountainous
Heavily cratered, older
– Maria (pl. mare)
Lava flows - smooth areas
Younger
– Rilles
Channels carved by lava flows
– Craters
All impact
Ejecta form rays
• HISTORY
– Highlands
3.8-4.6 byo (radiometric dating)
Heavy Bombardment 1st 800 my
Loose layer of soil formed ---> regolith
– Maria
3.1-3.8 byo, lava from interior filled craters
• FORMATION
– Capture Theory
Object trapped in Earth’s gravity
Problems
 How did it slow down?
 Why is composition so similar?
– Simultaneous Formation
Problem - why differences in composition?
– Impact Theory
4.5 (bya) “Mars-sized” object hit Earth
 Support:
» Same composition/density as Earth’s mantle
» No water in chemicals due to heat from impact
Academic Vocabulary
Term
Definition
Mini-Pic
1) Nebula
2) Astronomical Unit
3) Light Year
4) Relative Dating
Standard 1 – The Solar System
Astronomy and planetary
exploration reveal the structure,
scale and change of the solar
system over time.
a.
Solar System Objects and Scale
b.
Solar System Formation and Age
6) Half Life
c.
Changes in the Earth
7) Asteroid
d.
Determining Astronomical
Distances
9) Crater
e.
The Sun
10) Doppler Effect
f.
Asteroids
5) Radiometric Dating
8) Solar Wind
11) Nuclear Fusion
Please pick 3 words from the
vocabulary & write a sentence using
those word below:
12) Spectroscopy
13) Electro Magnetic
Spectrum
14) Supernova
15) PRINCIPLE OF
SUPERPOSITION
16) PRINCIIPLE OF
CROSS-CUTTING
RELATIONSHIPS
p.338
p.339
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Solar System Notes
5 bullet point facts for each planet
Mini Pics. Go Here↓
5 bullet point facts for each planet
Mini Pics. Go Here↓
-The Sun:
-Mercury:
-Venus:
-Earth:
-Mars:
-Jupiter:
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-Saturn:
-Uranus:
-Neptune:
-Pluto:
-Ceres:
-Exo-Planets (Extra-Solar):
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Journey to the Edge of the Universe
PART # 1
1) How far up from the Earth’s surface
does our journey begin?
2) How many men have walked on the
moon?
3) How many degrees is the surface of
the planet Venus.
4) What is the temperature of Mercury
during night time?
5) How many minutes would it take for
us to know that the Sun burned out?
6) What do they call the Comet in the
video it’s a dirty ____________.
7)How many times higher than Mt.
Everest is Olympus Mons on Mars?
8) How many planets could you fit
inside of Jupiter?
9) How far would the rings of Saturn
stretch if you stretched them out?
10) What is the surface of Titan made
of?
Standard 1a – Solar System Objects & Scale
_______ dating
gives a
____________ age
but radioactive
dating gives an
________ age.
Earth formed from
gases, dust, and
debris ________
from matter
________ from the
formation of the
Sun.
The solar _______
formed the ____ and
two groups of
planets (the
___________ and ___
_______) as well as
moons, comets and
asteroids.
The ___ of the
Earth is estimated
to be around ___
_______ years as
determined by
__________ dating
of Earth and Moon
rocks.
As Earth cooled it
______________ into
layers based on
________.
Supporting
_________ for the
formation of the
Solar Nebula states
that planets share
the same _______ &
__________ of orbit.
__________ and
__________were the
major elements in
the solar nebular.
Minor elements
were _______
elements from
____________.
The________energy
found in the Earth
today is leftover
from _________ of
the Earth and from
decay of
____________
elements.
③ Provide two Pieces
of Evidence that
support the planets
being formed from
solar Nebula
Lighter ______ blown
from solar wind
helped form the
______ planets.
Nearby supernova
explosion may
have started the
________ of the
_____ ________and
supplied ______
________ to the
solar system.
The _____
atmosphere of the
Earth had no
______ and was
probably similar to
gases emitted from
____________.
④ Explain how the
solar wind
helped create the
outer planets
•Solar wind (charged
ion stream) created as
Sun’s fusion reaction
ignited , blew lighter
gases to the outer solar
system.
Three commonly
used _____in
astronomy are the
_____________ _____,
_____ ____ and the
______.
The ___________ planets
are made of elements
that _________ at high
temperatures – _____ to
the ____.
The ___ _____ planets
are made of elements
that _________
at______temperatures –
____ from the ____.
3 byo banded _____
formations (rust)
provide evidence
that ______ _______
added ______ to the
atmosphere.
⑤ List 3 units
commonly used
to measure
astronomical
distances and a
reference value.
• An astronomical unit
AU) – earth to the
Sun (93 million
miles)
• Light year – distance
light travels in 1
year (~6 trillion
miles)
• Parsec – 2.3 light
years
A star is “born” in a
_____ of gas and
dust called a
_______.
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Core Concepts
Answer/Notes
① Define the term
“nebula”.
•Massive, rotating
cloud of gas and dust
could forms a nebula
② List the 5 types
of objects
formed from the
Solar Nebula.
•
•
•
•
•
•
PowerPics
The Sun (a star)
Planets
Moons
Asteroids
Comets
Same plane of orbit
and same direction
of orbit
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Apollo 13 (Part # 1)
1) What is the name of the astronaut
who walks on the Moon on TV at the beginning of
the movie?
2) When Jim Lovell’s son asks him how long will it
take to get to the Moon what is his answer?
3) What does Jim Lovell say is the difference
between sunlight & shadow in the interview before
the launch?
4) Why do they replace astronaut Ken Mattingly
pulled off of the Apollo 13 mission & get replaced?
5) What did the head Houston Mission Control guys
wife give him as a gift before the launch?
6) What city & state did the astronauts launch
from?
7) As the astronauts began to orbit why did one of
the astronauts' get sick? He said he had or eat too
much _____________?
8) What did the astronauts dump in to space on
Day # 3?
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1a: Solar System Objects & Scale
Cosmic Survey
Smallest
30
Largest
Closest
to
Earth
Farthest
from
Earth
Youngest
Oldest
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Smallest
40 feet
2,000 mile diameter
75,000 mile diameter
875,000 mile diameter
60 trillion miles across
600,000 trillion miles across
600 million, trillion miles across
Largest
Closest to Earth
350 miles
250,000 miles
93 million miles
120 million miles
2400 trillion miles
200 million trillion miles
30 billion trillion miles
Farthest from Earth
Youngest (most recently formed)
25 years old
25 million years old
4.5 Billion Years ol
6 billion years old
10 billion years old
Oldest
V.
Results
Construct a line graph of
distance vs. angle
Parallax Lab
I. Purpose
To model stellar parallax and how the
parallax angle changes with distance
II. Background
Parallax:
•The apparent shift in position of an
object due to motion of the observer
III. Hypothesis
The greater the distance the
___________
the parallax angle.
VI.
Discussion
1) How would the angles you measured
in this activity compare to those for
actual stars?
IV. Data
Distance
Angle
2) What are the two ways you can use
Parallax angles?
3) What distances or objects can you
measure with this technique?
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HISTORY CHANNEL “The Universe”
“How the Solar System Was Made”
Standard:1.b. Solar System Formation & Age
1) What happens to the cloud of gases that have
come together to form a star once gravity has taken
hold? (HINT: what does a top do?)
2) What happens at the “Rock Line” of our 1 million
old Sun? What can happen at the “Snow Line?
Explain.
3) What “family” is created when the Sun becomes
2 million years old?
4) What color was the Sun at about 10 million years
in as it was forming?
5) What is the slingshot effect? What do scientists
use it for?
6) What is happening during “The Late Heavy
Bombardment”? This effects Earth how?
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How the Earth Was Made: “Birth of the Earth”
1) What rocks are older than any other rock on the Earth?
2) What was the substance used in the accidental experiment by the
NASA astronaut that helped with the Solar Dust Cloud theory?
3) At the beginning of the Earth’s formation how many million years
did it take to grow to its current size?
4) At 30 million years old what was the Earth like?
Standard 1c – Changes in the Earth
Core Concepts
Answer/Notes
① Describe the
process by which
the solid Earth
formed.
• Gases, debris, dust
grains, and accreted
together from
material leftover
from the formation
of the Sun
② Describe how the
Earth is layered
• Layers from high to
low density  core,
mantle, crust
③ List two sources
of the Earth’s
internal heat.
• Heat leftover from
the formation of the
earth (primordial)
• Radioactive decay
④ Compare the
atmosphere of
the early Earth
with today’s
• Early – similar to
volcanic gases (H,
HCl, CO, CO2 & N)
and no oxygen
⑤ List the evidence
that shows how
life shaped
Earth’s
atmosphere.
• 3.5 byo fossils– first
life produces O2 as a
waste
• Evidence  banded
iron (rust)
formations in rocks
(3 byo)
PowerPics
5) What makes it hard for scientists to find very early Earth rocks? What
are the forces that have caused this?
6) Using radiometric dating, of space & Earth based rocks, scientists
most recent study dates the Earth at?
7) Where is the moon rock from the Apollo 16 mission in 1972 being
held today that was used as evidence?
8) How old were the Earth based amphibolite rocks that helped
support theories of the Earth’s age? Are they the oldest rocks in the
world?
9) What 2 things do the amphibolite rocks prove about the formation
of the Earth between 4 & 4.28 billion years old?
10) What was not on Earth 3.5 billion years ago that is needed for life
on Earth?
11) What was responsible for filling the Early Earth’s atmosphere with
oxygen?
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Determining Relative
Ages of Lunar Features
Determining Relative Age
Principle of Superposition:
Oldest rocks are at the bottom
undisturbed youngest rocks or sediments
at the top
Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships:
Intrusion or fault is younger than the rocks
it cuts across
Procedure:
Youngest
Layer
1.Observe photos I & II. Use the letters to identify the oldest feature in
each photo using the principle of cross-cutting relationships. List the other
features in order of their relationships.
2. Observe, photo III. List the mare, rilles, and craters in order of their
ages.
3. Observe photo IV. Use the principle of cross-cutting relationships, along
with your knowledge of lunar history to identify the features and list them
in order of other relative ages.
Conclude & Apply:
1.What would be older, a crater who's rays are crossing it or the crater that
caused the rays?
2. Is there some type of relative age dating that scientists can use to
analyze craters on Earth?
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Oldest
Layer
39
Youngest
Y
L
K
J
I
H
G
X
F
E
D
C
B
A
Procedure:
1.Observe photos I & II. Use the letters to identify the oldest feature in each
photo using the principle of cross-cutting relationships. List the other
features in order of their relationships.
2. Observe, photo III. List the mare, rilles, and craters in order of their ages.
3. Observe photo IV. Use the principle of cross-cutting relationships, along
with your knowledge of lunar history to identify the features and list them in
order of other relative ages.
Conclude & Apply:
1.What would be older, a crater who's rays are crossing it or the crater that
caused the rays?
2. Is there some type of relative age dating that scientists can use to
analyze craters on Earth?
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Standard 1b – Solar System Formation & Age
Radiometric Dating Simulation Lab
I. Introduction
IV. Results
V. Conclusion Questions
II. Question
How does the proportion of parent (radioactive) atoms
to daughter atoms change over time?
III. Data
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41
V. Data
Set up Data Table on bottom of p. 41
Parent (color)
100
60
60
Daughter (color)
40
Questions on bottom of p. 40
50/50
The number of changed atoms or particles
3 grams will remain after 2 half life's
1 ½ (1.5) grams will remain after 3 half life's
4 half life's
Apollo 13 (Part # 1)
1) What is the name of the astronaut
who walks on the Moon on TV at the beginning of
the movie?
2) When Jim Lovell’s son asks him how long will it
take to get to the Moon what is his answer?
3) What does Jim Lovell say is the difference
between sunlight & shadow in the interview before
the launch?
4) Why do they replace astronaut Ken Mattingly
pulled off of the Apollo 13 mission & get replaced?
5) What did the head Houston Mission Control guys
wife give him as a gift before the launch?
6) What city & state did the astronauts launch
from?
Apollo 13 (Part # 2)
1) What are fuel cells?
2) Describe how Apollo 13 returned to earth?
3) Why did the carbon dioxide levels become too
high?
4) Why was the level of carbon dioxide
dangerous?
5) How did the astronauts solve the carbon
dioxide problem?
6) Why was the spacecraft lighter than expected?
7) When Jim Lovell described trying to land on a
carrier at night, what helped him to find the
carrier?
7) As the astronauts began to orbit why did one of
the astronauts' get sick? He said he had or eat too
much _____________?
8) What did the astronauts dump in to space on
Day # 3?
8) What turned out to be the cause of the
explosion?
HISTORY CHANNEL “The Universe”
“How the Solar System Was Made”
Standard:1.b. Solar System Formation & Age
1) What happens to the cloud of gases that have
come together to form a star once gravity has taken
hold? (HINT: what does a top do?)
How the Earth Was Made: “Birth of the Earth”
1) What rocks are older than any other rock on the Earth?
2) What was the substance used in the accidental experiment by the
NASA astronaut that helped with the Solar Dust Cloud theory?
3) At the beginning of the Earth’s formation how many million years
did it take to grow to its current size?
4) At 30 million years old what was the Earth like?
2) What happens at the “Rock Line” of our 1 million
old Sun? What can happen at the “Snow Line?
Explain.
3) What “family” is created when the Sun becomes
2 million years old?
4) What color was the Sun at about 10 million years
in as it was forming?
5) What is the slingshot effect? What do scientists
use it for?
6) What is happening during “The Late Heavy
Bombardment”? This effects Earth how?
5) What makes it hard for scientists to find very early Earth rocks? What
are the forces that have caused this?
6) Using radiometric dating, of space & Earth based rocks, scientists
most recent study dates the Earth at?
7) Where is the moon rock from the Apollo 16 mission in 1972 being
held today that was used as evidence?
8) How old were the Earth based amphibolite rocks that helped
support theories of the Earth’s age? Are they the oldest rocks in the
world?
9) What 2 things do the amphibolite rocks prove about the formation
of the Earth between 4 & 4.28 billion years old?
10) What was not on Earth 3.5 billion years ago that is needed for life
on Earth?
11) What was responsible for filling the Early Earth’s atmosphere with
oxygen?