Transcript Rock, Resouces and Scenery

You Need to Know
You Need to Know
 What is geological time and what
does it look like?
 Where does carboniferous limestone,
granite and chalk/clay fit in to it?
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN AN ERA AND A PERIOD
An era is a longer span of time than
a period.
An era is made up of
several periods
CHALK AND CLAY
Formed 60 – 100 mya
CARBONIFEROUS LIMSTONE
formed 300 – 350 million years ago (mya)
GRANITE
Formed 250 – 430 mya
(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots
for a mark scheme/answers)
What is the difference between an era and a period? (2)
Fig 1
Using the geological time and the box of information, place
the periods into the correct place (2)
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
BE CAREFUL WITH 1/2/3 POINT MARKS.
THEY MAKE UP ABOUT 40% OF YOUR PAPER SO GETTING THESE ‘EASIER’ QUESTIONS
CORRECT CAN MAKE ALL THE DIFFERENCE!
INFORMATION
DEVONIAN
NEOGENE
JURASSIC
1.8 TO 23 MYA
359 TO 416 MYA
146 TO 200 MYA
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QUESTIONS
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QUESTIONS
What is the difference between an era and a period? (2)
Mark Scheme
1 mark per relevant point. Eras are longer lengths of time (1) whereas periods are smaller
(1) There are several periods in an era (1) named example (1).
Using the geological time and the box of information, place the periods into the correct place (2)
Mark Scheme
You Need to Know
 What types of rocks are there and
what are their characteristics?
 What is the rock cycle?
FORMATION
Intrusive igneous rocks are formed
from
magma that
cools
and
solidifies within the crust. the
magma cools slowly, and as a result
these rocks are coarse grained
Extrusive igneous rocks are formed
at the crust's surface as a result
of the partial melting of rocks
within the mantle and crust.
Extrusive Igneous rocks cool and
solidify quicker than intrusive
igneous rocks. Since the rocks cool
very quickly, they are fine grained
EXAMPLES
VIDEO
CHARACTERISTICS
 Crystals
 Holes and spaces
 Shiny/glass like
 Minerals
 Fine grains
FORMATION
Metamorphic rocks form deep in
the earth where high temperature,
great
pressure,
and
chemical
reactions cause one type of rock to
change into another type of rock.
Metamorphic rocks begin to form
at 12-16 kilometres beneath the
earth's
surface.
They
begin
changing at temperatures of 100
degrees Celsius to 800 degrees
Celsius
EXAMPLES
VIDEO
CHARACTERISTICS
 Curved/bent foliation
 Shiny crystals
FORMATION
Igneous and metamorphic rocks are
weathered and eroded, eventually
being transported by rivers to the
sea.
The sediment is deposited on the
sea floor and over time layers of
sediment build.
The bottom layers of sediment are
compacted and cement together to
form sedimentary rock.
EXAMPLES
VIDEO
CHARACTERISTICS
 Contains fossils
 Layered structure
 Can contain cemented sand and
pebbles
 Usual has pores
MELTING AND COOLING
HEAT AND PRESSURE
CAN YOU
DESCRIBE THE
LINKS BETWEEN
THE ROCK
TYPES?
Can you fit the characteristics into
the correct rock type?
FOSSILS
CRYSTALS
CURVED/BENT
FOLIATION
BUBBLES/SPACES
LAYERED
MINERALS
SHINY/GLASS LIKE
PEBBLES/SAND
(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots
for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe how the different rock types are linked(6)
Describe the formation of sedimentary rock (4)
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
THINGS TO AVOID IN AN EXAM ANSWER!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
BULLET POINTS
SLANG
TEXT SPEAK
LISTS
SARCASM
LEAVING QUESTIONS BLANK
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Answers
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QUESTIONS
Describe how the different rock types are linked(6)
Mark Scheme
The answer should focus on how sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rock link. Igneous is
weathered , transported and deposited on sea beds. The sediments pile up in layers and are
compacted and cemented forming sedimentary. Sedimentary rock is subducted and exposed to
intense heat and pressure forming metamorphic rock. This rock is then heated, melted and
eventually cooled to form igneous rock.
Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statements, little idea of links or cycle e.g. sedimentary rock can turn into
metamorphic rock
Level 2: Clear (5-6) Developed points, links rock types clearly, idea of cycle. Accurate rock cycle
diagrams get 3 marks e.g. Igneous rock that is put under pressure and subjected to heat forms
metamorphic rock
Describe the formation of sedimentary rock (4)
Mark Scheme
Igneous or metamorphic rock is weathered and eroded and broken down. The sediment is
transported by rivers to the sea. The sediment is deposited and builds in layers on the sea bed. As
layers build, the bottom layers are compacted and cemented into sedimentary rock for example
limestone.
Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, lacks sequence e.g. sedimentary rocks form in layers, rock is
eroded to form sedimentary
Level 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, clear sequence e.g. see above!
You Need to Know
 What is weathering?
 What are the types of weathering?
 Which climates are most effective
for weathering?
WEATHERING IS THE BREAKDOWN OF THE ROCK
BY ELEMENTS OF THE WEATHER IN SITU (THE
ROCK DOESN’T MOVE)
WEATHERING
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
The breakdown of rocks
WITHOUT changing the
chemical nature of the rock
The breakdown of rocks by
changing the chemical nature
of the rock
EXFOLIATION
FREEZE THAW
SOLUTION
CARBONATION
BIOLOGICAL
WEATHERING
The breakdown of
rocks by the action
of plants and
animals
BIOLOGICAL
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Exfoliation
Freeze Thaw
Carbonation
𝐶𝑂₂ + H₂0+CaCO₃ = Ca(HCO₃)₂
Solution
Biological
WARM/WET
CLIMATES
HOT/WET
CLIMATES
RAINFORESTS
IGNEOUS ROCK
WITH
MINERALS
HOT/WET
CLIMATES
RAINFORESTS
LAYERED
SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
SEDIMENTARY,
LIMESTONE
LARGE TEMP
VARIATIONS
DESERTS
SEDIMENTARY
ROCK, LAYERED
LARGE TEMP
VARIATIONS
MOUNTAINS
SEDIMENTARY
ROCK, LAYERED
Read the following answer for the
question below. Mark the answer
and report SPECIFICALLY how the
answer could be improved?
“Describe the process of exfoliation” (4)
Exfoliation is when layers peel of like a skin
of an onion. This is why it is called onion-skin
weathering. When a rock is in a desert it
gets really hot in the day and really cold at
night. This means the rock is always under
stress and will eventually fall apart.
(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots
for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe the process of freeze thaw weathering (4)
Using the pictures in figure 2, describe how rocks can be broken down? (4)
FIG 2
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
THE TENDANCY IS TO IGNORE YOUR LITERACY SKILLS WHEN COMPLETING YOUR EXAM.
EACH OF THE MARK SCHEMES HAVE SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS TO THE EXAMINER TO LOOK
AT THE SPELLING AND GRAMMAR
EXAMINERS HAVE A QWC (QUALITY OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION) MARK. THIS CAN BE
USED TO AWARD AN EXTRA MARK WITHIN A LEVEL…SO EMPLOY ALL THE LITERACY SKILLS
YOU HAVE LEARNT!
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Answers
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QUESTIONS
Describe the process of freeze thaw weathering (4)
Mark Scheme
The sequence of the answer is the key to the answer. Water gets into cracks in rocks and when
temperatures fall overnight it freezes and expands by 7%. This puts pressure on the rock and cause
stress. In the day temperatures rise and the water thaws, releasing the pressure. This cycle
continues and eventually the rock will fracture and pieces will fall away.
Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, no sequence e.g. the rock freezes and breaks to pieces
Level 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, clear sequence given e.g. see above!
Using the pictures in figure 2, describe how rocks can be broken down? (4)
Mark Scheme
The answer needs to identify the three types of weathering, in this case biological weathering, freeze thaw
and either solution/carbonation. The answer should focus on these types of weathering. Biological
weathering is the action of plants and animals. The plant/animal can either grow or borrow through fractures
or layers in the rock, breaking down the rock. Freeze thaw with the temperature changes and the continuous
cycle of water freezing and thawing in cracks. Finally solution/carbonation with the action of water
dissolving rock/minerals in rock.
Level 1: Basic (1-2) simple statements, only deals with one of the types of weathering e.g. freeze thaw
freezes water and breaks the rock
Level 2: Clear (3-4) developed points, deals with at least two of the types of weathering (max 3 points if two
types) e.g. Freeze thaw is when water freezes in cracks of rocks and expands by 7% putting stress and
pressure on rocks.
You Need to Know
 How are rock distributed in the UK?
 Case Study: Granite landscapes, Dartmoor
 Tors and moorland
 Case Study: Carboniferous limestone landscapes,
Yorkshire Dales
 Surface features: pavement, swallow
hollows, resurgence, gorges, dry valleys
 Case Study: Chalk/clay landscape, South Downs
 Escarpments, vales, dry valleys and spring
lines
CAN
YOU
DESCRIBE
Limestone
Chalk
and
Clay
Granite
THE
DISTRIBUTION
Extensive
areas
in
Occur
together
in
Small
pockets
in OF
NE
GEOLOGY
IN SE
THE
northern
and
bands
in England
the
of
Scotland
and
SW
Ireland UK?
England
FOR and
(click(CLICK
forlimestone)
chalk
(click
for
clay) ANSWERS)
 How are rock distributed in the UK?
 Case Study: Granite landscapes, Dartmoor
 Tors and moorland
 Case Study: Carboniferous limestone landscapes,
Yorkshire Dales
 Surface features: pavement, swallow
hollows, resurgence, gorges, dry valleys
 Case Study: Chalk/clay landscape, South Downs
 Escarpments, vales, dry valleys and spring
lines
What characteristics
can you identify?
PLATEAU
CHANGEABLE
CLIMATE
JOINTS
MOORLAND
TOR
THIN SOIL
HIGHLAND
RESERVOIRS
MILITARY
TRAINING AREAS
FARMS
FARMLAND
SURFACE
DRAINAGE
TORS
STEEP LAND
HIGH
PLATEAU
STAGE 1
2
3
As
the is
granite
cools
joints
in the
granite.
David
Linton
Magma
Finally
the
pumped
removal
into
of the
theform
Earth’s
growan
by
crust
weathering
whichAccording
cools
exposes
to to
form
the
rounded
intrusive
intensive
chemical
weathering
of granite
the
granite
in warm conditions
produces
boulders
that
make up the
tors
e.g. Bowerman’s
Nose Tor.
rounded boulders set in a mass of decomposed granite rock known as ‘growan’.
What is Moorland?
Moorlands are upland areas with acidic, low-nutrient and often waterlogged soils
Why is Moorland Water-Logged?
Granite is an IMPERMEABLE ROCK, which
means water can’t flow through it! This
means the ground on the moorland areas of
Dartmoor are often water-logged!
Granite
due to
granite
nature,
Why is the Soil Acidic?
moorland soil is very acidic. This is
the deep chemical weathering of
releasing minerals that are acidic in
this means the soils are infertile
Reverse Taboo!
Look at the cards below, there are five
words that could be used to help describe
the hidden word. Can you work out what
the hidden word is?
TOR
MOORLAND
DARTMOOR
WEATHERING
ACIDIC SOIL
SOUTH-WEST
DAVID LINTON
WATER-LOGGED
NATIONAL PARK
INTRUSIVE
GRANITE
HIGHLAND
GRANITE
IMPERMEABLE
MOORLAND
INFERTILE
RESERVOIRS
GROWAN
BOWERMAN’S
NOSE
(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots
for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe how a tor forms (6)
Using figure 3, describe the physical characteristics of the landscape (4)
FIG 3
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
WHEN ASKED TO ‘USE’ A FIGURE (ESPECIALLY A PICTURE) EXAMINERS WANT TO SEE THAT
YOU HAVE GENUINELY USED THE PICTURE.
THE EASIEST WAY TO ENSURE THIS IS BY DESCRIBING WHERE IN THE PICTURE THE FEATURE
YOU ARE REFERRING TO IS
USE PHRASES LIKE; AT THE FRONT, IN THE BACKGROUND, THE FRONT LEFT, BACK RIGHT
ETC…
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Answers
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QUESTIONS
Describe how a tor forms (6)
Mark Scheme
First stage is where magma is pumped into the crust, cools forming intrusive granite rock. During
cooling fractures causing joints. Due to deep chemical weathering the granite rock is decayed and
the rounded rocks of the tor are surrounded by growan. Due to weathering the growan is removed
and the rounded boulders are exposed to the surface which is the tor
Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statements, no evidence of sequence e.g. tors are formed from granite,
they are rounded by weathering
Level 2: Clear (5-6) developed points, clear sequence e.g. magma is pumped into the crust and cools
forming intrusive granite…etc
Using figure 3, describe the physical characteristics of the landscape (4)
Mark Scheme
The photograph shows and can be used to imply several physical features, these include; tor,
highland, moorland, thin soils, acidic soils, plateaus. Focus of the answer should NOT just be on
listing the physical features but also describing them.
Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, possibly a list of features e.g. there is a tor, there is highland
all around
Level 2: Clear (3-4) developed points, DESCRIBES the features, makes reference to where in the
picture e.g. there is a tall, rounded tower of rocks called a tor in the background of the picture
 How are rock distributed in the UK?
 Case Study: Granite landscapes, Dartmoor
 Tors and moorland
 Case Study: Carboniferous limestone landscapes,
Yorkshire Dales
 Surface features: pavement, swallow
hollows, resurgence, gorges, dry valleys
 Case Study: Chalk/clay landscape, South Downs
 Escarpments, vales, dry valleys and spring
lines
VIDEO
1
VIDEO
2
CHANGEABLE
CLIMATE
ROCK OUTCROPS
(SCAR)
HIGHLAND
JOINTS
MAINLY DRY
LANDSCAPE
What characteristics
can you identify?
BEDDING
PLANES
THIN SOILS
DRY
LANDSCAPE
ROCK
OUTCROPS
GORGES
FARMLAND
RESURGENT
STREAMS
SETTLEMENTS
LIMESTONE
ROCK IS
PERMEABLE!
𝐶𝑂₂ + H₂0+CaCO₃ = Ca(HCO₃)₂
2
1
5
4
6
3
VIDEO
VIDEO
STAGE 1
Limestone areas are scoured by
glaciers so the rock is exposed
on the surface
STAGE 2
Weak carbonic acidic rainwater
falls onto the limestone and a
chemical reaction takes place.
Limestone is dissolved and washed
away in solution
STAGE 3
Continual
carbonation
of
the
limestone widens the joints, called
grykes, so the limestone develops
blocks called clints. An example of
limestone pavement is Malham Cove
STAGE 1
Streams run along impermeable
rock until it meets permeable
limestone
VIDEO
STAGE 2
The streams dissolve the limestone
at its weakest point, a joint and
begin to widen it so the stream
runs down it, this is called a
swallow hole
STAGE 3
Continual
carbonation
of
the
limestone can widen joints so they
are big enough for caving e.g.
Gaping Ghyll, Yorkshire Dales
STAGE 1
Streams run through permeable
limestone
STAGE 2
The
stream
will
eventually
dissolve the limestone until it
hits permeable rock
STAGE 2
The point where the stream
reappears back on the surface
is called a resurgent stream
STAGE 1
As streams dissolve cave and
caverns within the limestone the
rock above can become unstable
STAGE 2
The roof can then collapse and
leave steep sided walls with the
stream running at the bottom,
this is called a gorge e.g.
Gordale
STAGE 3
If
the
stream
disappears
underground then the gorge
dries leaving a dry valley
STAGE 1
As streams flow down swallow
holes they begin to flow along
the natural joints and bedding
planes of the limestone. These
are called caves e.g. White
Scar Caves
STAGE 3
The cave/cavern systems can
be formed underground and can
be vast systems of hundreds of
miles
STAGE 2
At certain points the water can
dissolve out big caverns e.g.
Battlefield Cavern
VIDEO
STAGE 1
Limestone solution can seep through
to the roof of cavern and caves and
form a drip on the ceiling
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
Mineral rich water can drip off the
stalactite onto the floor.
The
same
process
occurs
and
stalagmites are formed on the
floor.
If a stalactite and
stalagmite e.g. Judge’s Head join
it forms a pillar e.g.
The limestone solution is rich in
the minerals of limestone. Slight
evaporation of the water takes
place an a calcite deposit is left.
Over time this builds to form a
stalactite e.g Sword of Damocles
Can you beat the computer
at Grand National?
QUESTION 1
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE FEATURE
THAT IS FORMED WHEN A STALACTITE
AND STALAGMITE JOIN?
PILLAR
QUESTION 2
COMPUTER
SCORED
5 FURLONGS
QUESTION 5
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PROCESS
THAT FORMS LIMESTONE FEATURES?
CARBONATION
QUESTION 6
NAME AN EXAMPLE OF A
LIMESTONE PAVEMENT?
MALHAM COVE
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE GAP
BETWEEN CLINTS ON A LIMESTONE
PAVEMENT?
QUESTION 3
QUESTION 7
GRYKE
NAME THE CASE STUDY AREA
FOR LIMESTONE?
YORKSHIRE DALES
NAME AN EXAMPLE OF A SWALLOW
HOLE IN THE YORKSHIRE DALES?
QUESTION 4
QUESTION 8
WHAT LIMESTONE FEATURE HANGS
DOWN FROM THE ROOF OF CAVERNS?
STALACTITE
GAPING GHYLL
WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO A
STREAM THAT EMERGES FROM
LIMESTONE BACK TO THE SURFACE?
RESURGENT STREAM
(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots
for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe and explain the formation of a limestone pavements(4)
Explain how carbonation plays an integral part of the formation of limestone
features (4)
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
ALL FEATURES FORMED IN CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE IS ESSENTIALLY BY THE SAME
PROCESS…CARBONATION
IF YOU LEARN CARBONATION OFF BY HEART THEN YOU CAN’T GO FAR WRONG WITH
ANSWER A FORMATION QUESTION ON CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE.
REMEMBER…
RAIN WATER…ABSORBS CO₂…WEAK CARBONIC ACID…PRECIPITATES ONTO
LIMESTONE…CHEMICAL REACTION…WASHED AWAY IN SOLUTION
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Answers
BACK TO
QUESTIONS
Describe and explain the formation of a limestone pavements(4)
Mark Scheme
The focus of the question should be on the sequence and also the link between description and
explanation. Carbonation is the main process in the formation of limestone pavement. Glaciers scour
the land exposing flat areas of limestone. Weakness called joints are attacked by acidic rainwater
and are enlarged to form wide gaps called grykes. The large blocks in between are called clints and it
is these two features that together form the distinct limestone pavement.
Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, lacks sequence and possibly only describes e.g. rainwater
erodes limestone, it forms a big block of limestone called a pavement
Level 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, clear sequence of process e.g. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by
rainwater and precipitates onto limestone blocks which were exposed by glacial scouring…etc
Explain how carbonation plays an integral part of the formation of limestone features (4)
Mark Scheme
Carbon dioxide is absorbed by rainwater and forms a weak carbonic acid. This acidic rain precipitates
onto the carboniferous limestone and a chemical reaction takes place. The calcium carbonate reacts
with the rainwater to for calcium bicarbonate, which is limestone solution. This can then be washed
away, leaving the rock dissolved.
Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, no sequence to process e.g. rainwater falls onto the limestone
and it dissolves.
Level 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, clear sequence, max 3 marks if chemical equation written out
e.g. rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide and creates a weak carbonic acid…etc
 How are rock distributed in the UK?
 Case Study: Granite landscapes, Dartmoor
 Tors and moorland
 Case Study: Carboniferous limestone landscapes,
Yorkshire Dales
 Surface features: pavement, swallow
hollows, resurgence, gorges, dry valleys
 Case Study: Chalk/clay landscape, South Downs
 Escarpments, vales, dry valleys and spring
lines
DIP
SLOPE
CHALK
ESCARPMENT
CLAY
VALE
SCARP
SLOPE
SPRING LINE
STAGE 1
CHALK AND CLAY ARE
FORMED IN ALTERNATE
BANDS
STAGE 2
TECTONIC ACTIVITY
SHIFTS THE BANDS SO
THEY ARE AT AN ANGLE TO
THE SURFACE
STAGE 3
CLAY IS A SOFT ROCK
THAT IS EASILY ERODED
SO FORMS FLAT CLAY
VALES. THE CHALK IS
MORE RESISTANT SO IS
LEFT UPSTANDING
FORMINA FEATURE CALLED
AN ESCARPMENT
POROUS
IMPERMEABLE
WATER PASSES THROUGH THE
PORUS CHALK TO THE JUNCTION
OF WHERE THE CHALK MEETS THE
CLAY. A STREAM THEM EMERGES
AT THIS POINT CALLED A SPRING
LINE
Can you unjumble the
anagrams of the key words and
define them?
CORPSE’S
SCARP SLOPE
PAL
OLD
PIPES
DIP SLOPE
CHEAP
CHALK
TERMS
ESCARPMENT
CLANK
IN
SPRING
GIRL LINE
PENS
CAVE
CLAY VALE
ALLY
(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots
for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe and explain the formation of a chalk escarpment?(4)
Explain why spring lines occur at the base of an escarpment? (4)
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
MAKE SURE YOU CAN DRAW A CROSS SECTION OF A CHALK ESCARPMENT AND LABEL IT!
THE MOST IMPORTANT POINTS ARE…
1. DISTINGUISH CLEARLY BETWEEN CHALK AND CLAY
2. LABEL SCARP SLOPE, DIP SLOPE, CLAY VALE AND CHALK ESCARPMENT AT THE
MINIMUM
3. ENSURE YOUR SCARP SLOPE IS STEEP AND DIP SLOPE IS GENTLE IN YOUR CROSS
SECTION!
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SECTION
Answers
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QUESTIONS
Describe and explain the formation of a chalk escarpment?(4)
Mark Scheme
The answer should focus on the sequence of the process as well as matching description and
explanation. The process; alternate layers of chalk and clay are tilted by tectonic activity, the
different erosion rates of chalk and clay create the chalk escarpment.
Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, no sequence e.g. escarpments are formed from chalk, it erodes
slower than clay etc..
Level 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, clear sequence, match description to explanation e.g. Chalk
erodes at a slower rate because it is a hard rock, this results in a steep scarp slope at the front of
the escarpment…etc
Explain why spring lines occur at the base of an escarpment? (4)
Mark Scheme
Focus of the answer is on the difference between chalk and clay in terms of drainage and the relative
positions. The chalk is a porus rock, because the pore spaces are connected, so lets water flow
through it. This means streams flow through the chalk. Clay is impermeable meaning water can’t flow
through it, because the pore spaces are not connected. At the point where the chalk and clay meet,
the stream emerge at the surface. This point is called the spring line.
Level 1: Basic (1-2) Simple statements, no sequence e.g. chalk lets water flow through, clay doesn’t let
water flow through etc...
Level 2: Clear (3-4) Developed points, sequence is clear, links description and explanation e.g. see
above!
You Need to Know
 Granite
 Economic Use Case Study: Aberdeen, Building Stone
 Land Use
 Carboniferous Limestone
 Economic Use Case Study: Cement Production, Hope
 Land Use Case Study: Malham, Tourism
 Chalk and Clay
 Economic Use Case Study: London, Aquifer
 Land Use Case Study: South Downs, Farming
Aberdeen is known as the ‘Granite City’
due to its extensive use as a building
stone. The colourful rock was
attractive to build with and was used by
the Victorians.
Granite is
resistant to
pollution, bird
droppings and
frost. It doesn’t
deteriorate in
bright sunlight and
always looks brand
new
VIDEO
Military Training
Dartmoor provides
rugged, challenging area
to train.
Tourism
Walking and hiking area
around the tors.
Stunning scenery
Reservoirs
Highland area with
frequent rainfall and
impermeable rock
Farming
Pasture land in the
valleys for sheep
farming
 Granite
 Economic Use Case Study: Aberdeen, Building Stone
 Land Use
 Carboniferous Limestone
 Economic Use Case Study: Cement Production, Hope
 Land Use Case Study: Malham, Tourism
 Chalk and Clay
 Economic Use Case Study: London, Aquifer
 Land Use
•
•
•
•
Cement Making Process
Limestone is taken from a quarry. It is
the major ingredient needed for
making cement. Smaller quantities of
sand and clay are also needed.
Limestone, sand and clay contain the
four essential elements required to
make cement. The four essential
elements are calcium, silicon,
aluminium and iron.
Located on outskirts of Castleton in Peak
District National Park.
Supplies 2million tonnes of limestone/yr to
nearby Hope cement works.
Quarry & cement works employs 182 local
people.
Quarry is estimated to have reserves for
next 30yrs, so is devising plans for
restoration
VIDEO
Environmental Impacts
+ Walk ways are built to
Malham Cove to channel
tourists off sensitive
areas
+ The area is designated
a
National
Park,
protecting it by law
- Footpath erosion on
the path to Gordale
- Littering by tourist
Economic Impacts
+ Boosts local economy
of Malham by hundreds
of thousands per year
+ Local business open up
to cater for tourists
e.g. Malahm Café
-Malham
residents
over-relient on tourist
money
-Catering for tourist
e.g. car parks cost local
council money
Social Impacts
+ Regular income from tourist boost quality of life
in the village
+ Job security in Malham village e.g. Blacksmith’s
- Overcrowding of the small Malham village
- Traffic congestion on the narrow Cove Road
 Granite
 Economic Use Case Study: Aberdeen, Building Stone
 Land Use
 Carboniferous Limestone
 Economic Use Case Study: Cement Production, Hope
 Land Use Case Study: Malham, Tourism
 Chalk and Clay
 Economic Use Case Study: London, Aquifer
 Land Use
• The rocks underneath London
form a basin called a syncline
(dip)
• Water soaks into the chalk
where it exposed on either
side of London (Chilterns) and
percolates through to form a
giant underground reservoir
on top of the impermeable
clay.
• This has provided London’s
water supply for hundreds of
years
and
is
carefully
managed to ensure that it is
used sustainably.
Advantages for Farming
The chalk escarpment is
perfect for sheep
farming due to the poor
pasture being suitable
for sheep
Limitations for Farming
The highland chalk
soil (on the
escarpment) is thin
and infertile so is
poor arable (crop)
farming land
Steep scarp slope is
inaccessible to
farming equipment
Clay vales retain water,
are flat and fertile.
Ideal for Arable
farming (cereal crops)
and diary farming
(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots
for a mark scheme/answers)
Using examples you have studied, describe how chalk and clay
landscapes are used by humans(6)
Describe the impacts of tourism on a landscape you have
studied (8)
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
BEWARE THE S!
READING THE EXAM QUESTION IS VERY IMPORTANT. ONE AREA THAT CATCHES A LOT OF
PEOPLE OUT IS THE USE OF THE LETTER S...FOR EXAMPLE
1) Using an example you have studied…(this question wants you to focus on ONE case
study)
2) Using examples you haver studied…(this question wants you to use TWO OR MORE case
studies)
ON TO NEXT
SECTION
Answers
BACK TO
QUESTIONS
Using examples you have studied, describe how chalk and clay landscapes are used by humans (6)
Mark Scheme
The answer will probably focus on farming in the South Downs and aquifers in London. South Downs
has several types of farming. On the clay vales there is extensive arable farming with cereal crops
and diary farming. On the chalk escarpments there is sheep farming on the poorer pasture land. The
quality of Clay being impermeable and chalk porous means they create aquifers. London draws it
water supply through drilling bore holes.
Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statements, possibly no examples used or only focusing on ONE example
e.g. There is sheep farming on chalk and clay, they grow cops on clay
Level 2: Clear (5-6) Developed points, clear use of more than one case study e.g. London uses the
natural water holding capability of the porous chalk, which lies on top of the impermeable clay
Describe the impacts of tourism on a landscape you have studied (8)
Mark Scheme
Focus of the is question should be on the positive and negative economic, social and environmental
effects. Most common case study will be Malham. Positive impacts include boosts to economy,
improved infrastructure for Malham, Job creation, business opportunities, protected environmental
status. Negatives can include footpath erosion, expense of up-keeping facilities, traffic congestion.
Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statement, possibly no case study, lacks any development of points, no
balance between positives/negatives e.g. tourist drop lots of litter and jam up roads
Level 2: Clear (5-6) Begins to develop points, use of case study, more balance between positive and
negative e.g. Traffic in Malham can cause problems for the locals as the roads are narrow
Level 3: Detailed (7-8) Developed points, clear case study, balance between positive and negatives e.g.
A negative impact in Malham is the congestion of the narrow Cove Road. This causes disruption for
locals
You Need to Know
 Case Study: Hope Quarry, Derbyshire
 Where is Hope Quarry
 Economic, environmental and social impacts
 How are quarries managed?
 Management of extraction
 Restoration
Hope Quarry
Located in the
Peak District
National Park
close to the
village of
Castleton
Exploits the
natural
carboniferous
limestone in the
region
Local economy relies upon the quarry to provide income for 182 local people and their
families.
Closure of the quarry would have a dramatic negative impact on the local economy for
example the possible closure of small businesses.
Supplies 2million tonnes of limestone/yr to nearby Hope cement works.
Quarry & cement works employs 182 local people.
Brings government investment into the area to provide good road links for
quarry transport to use.
Noise from quarry operations can disturb local people during blasting.
The visual impact of the quarry can be an issue for some local people.
Noise from blasting will cause disruption to wildlife and local people (also a social
impact).
There will be negative impact on the visual beauty of the area as the quarry is
impossible to screen off due to its size.
Huge amounts of energy are required to produce cement from limestone, this
has a huge carbon footprint.
Landscaping & tree
planting have
reduced visual
impact of quarry.
One old quarry is
now managed as a
wetland reserve.
Efforts have been
made to reduce
dust.
2003, planted
7,000 trees to
offset carbon
emissions.
£15mil spent on
improved transport
– rail used to
reduce heavy
traffic. 1 train =
57 lorries.
VIDEO
(click on the pictures to link to a resource)
(What Could They Ask You? Click the red dots
for a mark scheme/answers)
Describe how quarries can be restored? (4)
Using an example you have studied describe and explain the
environmental and social impact of a quarry(8)
EXAM TECHNIQUE TIPS
ITS ALL ABOUT YOUR LOGIC!
AT TIMES IN EXAM SITUATIONS COPING WITH THE STRESS AND STRAIN CAN RESULT IN
GOING BLANK!
DO NOT PANIC! LOGICALLY TRY TO WORK OUT A CASE STUDY OR AN EXAMPLE WHICH WILL
BUMP YOUR WORK UPTO A LEVEL 3! ITS NOT ‘MAKING THINGS UP’ IS USING YOUR
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING!
ON TO NEXT
SECTION
Answers
BACK TO
QUESTIONS
Describe how quarries can be restored? (4)
Mark Scheme
Answer will focus on how quarries can be turned into wildlife parks, golf courses or outdoor pursuit
centres for diving and rock climbing etc. No necessity for a case study
Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statements, no development e.g. quarries are filled back in
Level 2: Clear (5-6) Begins to develop points e.g. quarries can be used for outdoor pursuits such as
rock climbing up the quarry face or if the hole is flooded, scuba diving.
Using an example you have studied describe and explain the environmental and social impact of
a quarry(8)
Mark Scheme
Focus of this answer will be on Hope Quarry. Impacts should be both positive and negative.
Environmental impacts can include noise, air pollution, visual pollution, destruction of habitats and
restoration into wildlife areas. Social impacts can include jobs, multiplier effect for business, quality
of life increase, congestion.
Level 1: Basic (1-4) Simple statements, no development, possiby no case study, only focuses on one
aspect e.g. people can get jobs, quarries create noise
Level 2: Clear (5-6) Begins to develop. May use case study area, more balance between aspects e.g.
Noise pollution from the quarry blast can cause problems for the locals
Level 3: Detailed (7-8) Developed points, case study and balance between aspects e.g. in Castleton
the blasts from Hope Quarry can cause severe noise pollution making locals lives unhappy
“Ask yourself one question…if its not going to be today, when is it
going to be? There comes a time when you have to ‘Seize the Day’,
to shout out at the top of your voice ‘Now is my time’, to look in the
mirror and know that TODAY IS THE DAY I START TO WRITE MY
FUTURE. But it takes effort and effort is between you and you….
effort is between you and you. If you want greatness, if you want
success…it wont find you, no one will give it you…so go NOW and
grab it for yourself. ‘Prepare your minds for the best that life has
got to offer’” We wish you good luck…The Geography Dept