Transcript TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Laboratory Manual

TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology
Laboratory Manual
GCH 01-2016
Professor Gregory C. Herman [email protected]
TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
GCH 01-2016
TCNJ Physics 120-C
Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 1
Time-Life-Man.jpg
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One page, hand-written essay
on your interpretation of the
handout.
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 – Minerals and Spectroscopy
a.
•
This lab is an introduction to minerals and spectroscopy, the latter being the
scientific study of how light interacts with solid matter.
•
The Ward’s mineral sets contain different mineral samples that are found in all
different rock types, including those formed during 1) the cooling of molten
magma into igneous rock, and others from 2) the precipitation of minerals from
a) saturated, briny fluids or b) biological processes.
•
By the end of this lab you should have a working familiarity with the 5 most
common rock-forming minerals (quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole, and
pyroxene) and be able to identify them separately from other minerals that
appear similar but are usually softer and formed from precipitation ((b) above)
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
• Carbonates (CO3)-2
e.
derived from the shells and hard parts of marine organisms or are precipitated
as seawater evaporates
Calcite (CaCO3) is the
main constituent in the
sedimentary rock
limestone
•Sulfates (SO4)-2
derived from hydrothermal activity or
are precipitated as saline-water
evaporates
Gypsum (CaSO4 . H4O) is a main
constituent in drywall
•Phosphates (PO4)-3
derived from hydrothermal
activity and igneous processes
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Turquoise CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·5H2O
TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
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h.
TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
Mohs Hardness Scale
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
Silicate Minerals
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
Quartz – No. 2 of the 5 most common rock-forming (silicate) minerals
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Rev. 1.0 12-2015
k.
TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
•
l.
Identify quartz, calcite, and gypsum by checking the type of habit, cleavage,
and visual aspects that you observe
Quartz (silica SiO4)
Calcite (carbonate CaCO3)
Gypsum (sulfte SiO4)
NOTES:
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
m.
FELDSPAR – No. 1 of the 5 most common rock-forming (silicate) minerals
• Group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals which make up as much as 60% of the Earth's crust.
•Two cleavage directions at 900.
•Hardnesss of 6 – 6.5.
•Will not scratch glass or quartz.
Alkali feldspars (K,Na)AlSi3O8
•Microcline and orthoclase
•Not usually clear.
•Often salmon pink or white and milky.
•Can also be aqua blue.
•Can have wavy stripes of similar color that go through the mineral.
Plagioclase feldspars (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8
•Albite to Anorthite solid-solution series
•Individual crystals a range of colors between white and dark gray.
•Exhibits striations
•Can have wavy stripes of similar color that go through the
mineral.
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www.earthguide.ucsd.edu/mystery_detectives/media/flash/minerals_igneous/minerals_igneous.swf
TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
•
p.
Identify plagioclase and alkali feldspar by color, microscopic twinning, and
mineral habit, hardness with respect to quartz and metal. Note any visual
and physical aspects that you observe.
Plagioclase feldspar (silicate (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8)
Twinning seen on face of large plagioclase sample
Alkali feldspar (K,Na)AlSi3O8)
NOTES:
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
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q.
TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 –Minerals
•
t.
Identify the following minerals by color, and mineral habit, hardness with
respect to quartz and metal and one another. Note any distinctive visual and
physical aspects that you observe.
Mica (biotite and muscovite)
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Olivine/peridotite
NOTES:
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 2 – Part B Spectroscopy
www.impacttectonics.org/Gcherman/downloads/PHY120C/
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 3 Igneous Rocks
a.
• Rocks are identified by their textures, colors, and other physical
properties like hardness, weight (density or specific gravity), magnetism
(magnetite), and reactivity with acids (limestone and marble).
• Two rock sets are presented for this lab.
• The Green buckets contain intrusive and extrusive samples of felsic,
intermediate, and mafic igneous rocks.
• The Ward’s mineral sets contain different mineral samples that are found
in all different rock types, not just igneous ones.
• By the end of this lab you should have a working familiarity with the 5
most common rock-forming minerals (quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole,
and pyroxene) and be able to identify them both in mineral form and in
some
of the felsic and intermediate igneous rocks.
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 3 Igneous Rocks
b.
•Parent magma composition largely determines the composition of igneous
rocks but a single magma can, however, yield different rock types.
os – oxidation state
+1 os
+2 os
An element having a
+2 os (or charge) has
a higher electron
affinity because it has
twice the charge than
one with a +1 os.
• Calcium and magnesium (+2) are proportionately more abundant in mafic rocks
that crystallize form magma first with slow cooling and crystal growth.
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 3 Igneous Rocks
Texture in igneous rocks is related to cooling history; the slower the
magma cools, the more coarse-grained the rock becomes.
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 3 Igneous Rocks
d.
•Typically, the coarsest-grained rocks formed in deep crustal chambers after rising out of the
mantle where it can accumulate and pond at the base of the crust or in the crust, or deep in
the roots of crustal mountain where rocks begin to melt from burial and heat. They become
exposed at the surface Eons after formation from crustal tectonics.
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 3 Igneous Rocks
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 3 Igneous Rocks
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 3 Igneous Rocks
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 3 Igneous Rocks
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_____ SS - red sandstone _______ B - basalt dike leading to basalt flow ______ D - diorite stock and sills
______Gr – granite ________ Pg – pegmatite
______ Gb – Gabbro
TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 3 Igneous Rocks
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 5 Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
a.
• LAB 5 provides samples of all three principal groupings of rocks including:
1) Igneous (plutonic and extrusive felsic, intermediate, and mafic varieties)
2) Sedimentary (detrital and chemical) and
3) Metamorphic (low, medium, and high grade)
•
Because we learned about igneous rocks
in LAB3, this will serve as a review for
those, but our focus in this lab will be on
learning different types and subtypes of
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and
how they compare to igneous rocks, to
one another, and with respect to the rock
cycle.
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 5 Sedimentary Rocks
•The two primary types of sediment are detrital and chemical.
•Detrital sediment consists of solid particles, products of mechanical weathering.
•Chemical sediment consists of minerals precipitated from solution by inorganic
processes and by the activities of biological organisms.|
•Detrital sedimentary rocks are fomred from detrital sediment
•Chemical sedimentary rocks (limestone, coal, microcrystalline quartz) are fromed from
chemical sediment
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 5 Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
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TCNJ Physics 120-C Introduction to Geology Lab Manual
Laboratory 8 Primary and Secondary Rock structures
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