Transcript rocks_minerals_soil_5th

Rocks, Minerals, and
Soil
By: ___________
Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Word Bank
What I Know
Lab: What is in Soil?
Diagram: Soil Horizons
pg. 1
pg. 6
pg. 19
pg. 21
Word Bank
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1. mineral – a solid, natural material made
from nonliving substances in the
ground.
2. streak – the color of the powder left
behind when the mineral rubbed on a
rough surface
3. color – the color of the surface of the
mineral.
Word Bank
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4. luster – the way a mineral reflects light
from its surface. (how shiny or dull a
mineral appears)
5. hardness – a measure of how well a
mineral resists scratching. (test: scratch
test)
6. cleavage – the measure of how smooth
a surface is. (the # of planes where a
mineral breaks)
7. fracture – the property of a mineral that
shows when it has a rough surface.
Word Bank
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8. gem – a mineral that is rare, beautiful,
and usually transparent. It glitters and
shines in light (high luster)
9. rock- as solid object made naturally in
Earth’s crust
10. rock cycle – the changing of rocks over
time from one type to another
11. conglomerate – a sedimentary rock
that has small rounded stones that
have been cemented together
Word Bank
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12. soil – a mixture of bits of rocks and once
living parts of plants and animals.
13. organic – having to do with or coming from
living (biotic) things
14. inorganic – not coming from living things
(abiotic)
15. soil horizon – layers of soil
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16. humus – a part of the soil that is made of
decaying or organic materials
17. topsoil – the dark, top layer of soil, rich in
humus and minerals; layer in which
organisms live and most plants grow.
18. subsoil – layer of soil that contains particles
of rock and minerals; found beneath topsoil
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What I Know
Mohs’ Hardness Scale ranks minerals from 1 10 based on their hardness.
1 – softest
210 – hardest
- TALC
- DIAMOND
Diamonds can only be scratched by other diamonds.
We can use known minerals and the scratch test to find
out unknown minerals.
Minerals can be found in nature.
What I Know
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Minerals can be made from one or more
elements (pure substances)
Example: chromium + beryllium = emerald
Aluminum + oxygen = sapphire
iron + sulfur = pyrite
silicon + oxygen = amethyst
sodium + chlorine = salt
All minerals are made through chemical
changes
What I Know
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How do we use minerals? (Where can we
find minerals in daily life?)
- toothpaste, computers, jewelry, electrical
wiring, tires, soap, vitamins, paint, on our
food (salt)
Gems can be - Colorful
- Used in jewelry
- Cut into shapes
polished
rough and uneven
What I Know
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Gem examples:
- Ruby, sapphire, emerald, amethyst, diamond
Most rocks are made of mixtures of materials.
They have different materials because they are made in different
ways.
Scientists classify rocks into 3 types based on the way they are
made:
1. igneous – formed when lava cools and hardens.
2. sedimentary- formed when sediments are
deposited in layers over time.
3. metamorphic- forms when other types of rock
(sedimentary or igneous) change under heat and
pressure without melting.
What I Know
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Rock Cycle:
Draw diagram here
Igneous Rocks that cool and form inside the
Earth are called intrusive rocks.
This cooling could take 100s of years and so it
produces LARGE crystals.
example: granite
What I Know
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Igneous Rocks that cool and form on the
outside of the Earth would be called extrusive
rocks.
This cooling happens much faster so it
produces SMALL crystals (or no crystals at all).
Large crystals are not possible because the
rocks cooled too quickly.
Ex: Basalt, obsidian, and Pumice
What I Know
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Sedimentary Rocks are made of different
materials that have been compacted and
cemented together.
Example: sandstone, limestone, and conglomerate
What I Know
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In metamorphic rocks, the intense heat and
pressure can –
Change 1 mineral into another
Squeeze particles more tightly together
Crush fossil fragments and crystals in limestone to
look like a jigsaw puzzle.

What I Know
Metamorphic rocks can be Easy to carve and shape
Example: marble
waterproof
Example: slate
Shiny with brilliant colors
Example: marble

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What I Know
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3 common uses for igneous rocks are:
1. sharp weapons and tools
2. roads
3. pumice can be used to remove dead skin cells,
grinding, and polishing
3 common uses for sedimentary rocks are:
1. concrete
2. tile
3. brick buildings
What I Know
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3 common uses for metamorphic rocks are:
1. Slate for roofing houses
2. Marble can be used for kitchen counters, floors,
statues, and monuments
3. Slate can be used for stepping stones and outdoor
patios
What I Know
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Soil contains both organic (once biotic/living)
and inorganic (abiotic/ non-living) materials.
One organic part of soil would be living or dead
worms
One inorganic part of soil would be rocks.
Important facts about soil:
Covers most of Earth’s landmasses
Without it, plants and animals would not be able to
live on land
All soil started from rocks
As rocks weather, soil forms in layers.
What I Know
Soil has 3 layers or “Horizons”.
1. “A” horizon – called topsoil
Most plant roots grow in this layer
Holds the most nutrients
contains the most living organisms
Contains Humus
• Dead and decaying plants and animals
• Contains the nutrients that feed plants
• soaks up and holds more water than bits of rock
2. “B” horizon – called subsoil
Contains lots of fine particles of rock (clay)
3. “C” horizon –called bedrock
Made of mostly large pieces of weathered rock
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Lab: What Is In Soil?
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Copy this into your notebook on the next clean page.
Do not forget to add this Lab Report page to your Table of Contents.
Hypothesis: I think a soil sample will contain ….
Experiment:
Materials:
Procedure:
Paper plate
1. Use the toothpick and hand lens to separate
Apron
the contents of the soil sample.
Soil sample
2. Identify and list different contents of the soil
Hand lens (magnifying glass)
sample.
Toothpicks
Analyze Results:
3. Does your soil sample contain non living things? What about once living
things?
4. Based on your observations, what are the contents of the soil?
My hypotheses was….
Lab: What Is In Soil?
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Complete the Lab and your Lab report here.
After My Lab, I can:
Read pgs. 310 -311 in your Science textbook.
Add organic, soil, soil horizon, humus, topsoil,
subsoil, and inorganic to your WORD BANK
Soil Horizons Diagram
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Draw, Label, and Color the “Soil Horizons”
diagram from pg. 311 here.
DON’T FORGET TO ADD IT TO YOUR TABLE OF
CONTENTS
This will be counted as a test grade.