Transcript soil review - mbakerscience

SOIL REVIEW
Correct your study guide as
you answer the following
review questions.
QUESTION I
Name the particle that ranges in size from
0.05-2.0 mm.
ANSWER I
Name the particle that ranges in size from
0.05-2.0 mm.
SAND
QUESTION II
Name the particle that ranges in size from
0.002-0.05 mm.
ANSWER II
Name the particle that ranges in size from
0.002-0.05 mm.
SILT
QUESTION III
Name the particle that is less than 0.002 mm in
size.
ANSWER III
Name the particle that is less than 0.002 mm in
size.
CLAY
QUESTION 1
What percentages of sand, silt, and clay
make up loam?
ANSWER 1
What percentages of sand, silt, and clay
make up loam?
40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay
QUESTION 2
What is soil porosity?
ANSWER 2
What is soil porosity?
A measure of the volume of pores or
spaces per volume soil and of the
average distances between these
spaces
QUESTION 3
How does the soil porosity relate to the
size of the particles found in that soil?
ANSWER 3
How does the soil porosity relate to the
size of the particles found in that soil?
The larger the particles, the more
space between them. The smaller the
particles, the less space.
QUESTION 4
What would you classify a soil that is
composed of 60% sand, 30% silt, and 10%
clay?
ANSWER 4
What would you classify a soil that is
composed of 60% sand, 30% silt, and 10%
clay?
SANDY LOAM
QUESTION 5
What would you classify a soil that is
composed of 20% sand, 10% silt, and 70%
clay?
ANSWER 5
What would you classify a soil that is
composed of 20% sand, 10% silt, and 70%
clay?
CLAY
QUESTION 6
What would be the particle composition of a
soil that is classified as sandy clay?
ANSWER 6
What would be the particle composition of a
soil that is classified as sandy clay?
50% sand, 40% clay and 10% silt
QUESTION 7 - Part A
Identify the layer(s) of soil in
which accumulation occurs.
ANSWER 7 - Part A
Identify the layer(s) of soil in
which accumulation occurs.
SUBSOIL (Horizon B)
QUESTION 7 - Part B
Identify the layer(s) of soil in
which decomposition occurs.
ANSWER 7 - Part B
Identify the layer(s) of soil in
which decomposition occurs.
ORGANIC LAYER (Horizon O)
QUESTION 7 - Part C
Identify the layer(s) of soil in
which leaching occurs.
ANSWER 7 - Part C
Identify the layer(s) of soil in
which leaching occurs.
TOPSOIL (Horizon A)
QUESTION 7 - Part D
Identify the layer(s) of soil in
which weathering occurs.
ANSWER 7 - Part D
Identify the layer(s) of soil in
which weathering occurs.
WEATHERED BEDROCK
(Horizon C) and BEDROCK
(Horizon R or D)
QUESTION 8 - Part A
Identify the layer of soil in which
you would expect to see dark
brown to yellow.
ANSWER 8 - Part A
Identify the layer of soil in which
you would expect to see dark
brown to yellow.
TOPSOIL (Horizon A)
QUESTION 8 - Part B
Identify the layer of soil that
determines the color of the
soil.
ANSWER 8 - Part B
Identify the layer of soil that
determines the color of the
soil.
BEDROCK (Horizon R or D)
QUESTION 8 - Part C
Identify the layer of soil in which
you would expect to see black
to dark brown.
ANSWER 8 - Part C
Identify the layer of soil in which
you would expect to see black
to dark brown.
ORGANIC LAYER (Horizon O)
QUESTION 8 - Part D
Identify the layer of soil in which
you would expect to see
reddish brown to orange.
ANSWER 8 - Part D
Identify the layer of soil in which
you would expect to see
reddish brown to orange.
SUBSOIL (Horizon B)
QUESTION 9
Identify the layer of soil in which
you would you find the
highest concentration of plant
roots.
ANSWER 9
Identify the layer of soil in which
you would you find the
highest concentration of plant
roots.
TOPSOIL (Horizon A)
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
QUESTION 1
Name the process that matches each
description.
Large rocks often fall from
mountainsides and as they hit bottom
they break into smaller and smaller
pieces
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
ANSWER 1
Name the process that matches each
description.
Large rocks often fall from
mountainsides and as they hit bottom
they break into smaller and smaller
pieces
GRAVITY
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
QUESTION 2
Name the process that matches each
description.
Water (usually from powerful waves)
rushes into cracks in rocks, but a tiny
bit of air is compressed at the crevice
of the crack; when the water recedes
the air is forcefully released taking
away fragments of rock with it.
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
ANSWER 2
Name the process that matches each
description.
Water (usually from powerful waves)
rushes into cracks in rocks, but a tiny
bit of air is compressed at the crevice
of the crack; when the water recedes
the air is forcefully released taking
away fragments of rock with it.
HYDRAULIC ACTION
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
QUESTION 3
Name the process that matches each
description.
Mosses and lichens attach to rocks and
this causes physical as well as
chemical breakdown of the rock (plant
roots exert physical pressure on rock
cracks and plants form an acid on the
rocks that further breakdown the rock).
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
ANSWER 3
Name the process that matches each
description.
Mosses and lichens attach to rocks and
this causes physical as well as
chemical breakdown of the rock (plant
roots exert physical pressure on rock
cracks and plants form an acid on the
rocks that further breakdown the rock).
ORGANIC ACTIVITY
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
QUESTION 4
Name the process that matches each
description.
As roots grow they break rocks apart.
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
ANSWER 4
Name the process that matches each
description.
As roots grow they break rocks apart.
ROOT ACTION
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
QUESTION 5
Name the process that matches each
description.
Especially in deserts, rocks heat up in
the day and, as the temperature drops
greatly at night, the rocks can flake
easily (exfoliate). Freeze/thaw will also
deposit water in cracks and when this
freezes the ice pushes outward and
causes pieces of the rock to break off.
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
ANSWER 5
Name the process that matches each
description.
Especially in deserts, rocks heat up in the day
and, as the temperature drops greatly at
night, the rocks can flake easily (exfoliate).
Freeze/thaw will also deposit water in cracks
and when this freezes the ice pushes
outward and causes pieces of the rock to
break off.
THERMAL EXPANSION
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
QUESTION 1
Name the process that matches each
description.
formed by sulfur and nitrogen
compounds; will cause rocks to fall
apart
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
ANSWER 1
Name the process that matches each
description.
formed by sulfur and nitrogen
compounds; will cause rocks to fall
apart
ACIDS
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
QUESTION 2
Name the process that matches each
description.
happens in rocks that contain calcium
carbonate (limestone); speeds up as
the temperature decreases
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
QUESTION 2
Name the process that matches each
description.
happens in rocks that contain calcium
carbonate (limestone); speeds up as
the temperature decreases
CARBONATION
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
QUESTION 3
Name the process that matches each
description.
the incorporation of H+ and OH- ions;
this addition causes an increase in
volume adding stress within the rock
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
ANSWER 3
Name the process that matches each
description.
the incorporation of H+ and OH- ions;
this addition causes an increase in
volume adding stress within the rock
HYDRATION
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
QUESTION 4
Name the process that matches each
description.
combines oxygen with another
substance in the rock; this usually
changes the color of the rock
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
ANSWER 4
Name the process that matches each
description.
combines oxygen with another
substance in the rock; this usually
changes the color of the rock
OXIDATION
QUESTION 10 – Sample A
Name of Plant
Strawberry
Sweet corn
Deciduous trees
Evergreen trees
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Spinach
Tomatoes
Watermelons
String beans
Nitrogen Phosphorous
necessary
necessary
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Very High
Med
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Low
Very High
High
Med
Med
Potassium
necessary
pH
requirement
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Med
Very High
High
Med
Med
5-6
6-7
5-6
4-5.5
4.8-6.5
6-8
6.4-7
6-7
6-7
6-7.5
Which plant would be best suited for soil with
medium N, low P, medium K and pH 7.5?
ANSWER 10 – Sample A
Name of Plant
Strawberry
Sweet corn
Deciduous trees
Evergreen trees
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Spinach
Tomatoes
Watermelons
String beans
Nitrogen Phosphorous
necessary
necessary
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Very High
Med
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Low
Very High
High
Med
Med
Potassium
necessary
pH
requirement
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Med
Very High
High
Med
Med
5-6
6-7
5-6
4-5.5
4.8-6.5
6-8
6.4-7
6-7
6-7
6-7.5
Which plant would be best suited for soil with
medium N, low P, medium K and pH 7.5?
PEACHES
QUESTION 10 – Sample B
Name of Plant
Strawberry
Sweet corn
Deciduous trees
Evergreen trees
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Spinach
Tomatoes
Watermelons
String beans
Nitrogen Phosphorous
necessary
necessary
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Very High
Med
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Low
Very High
High
Med
Med
Potassium
necessary
pH
requirement
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Med
Very High
High
Med
Med
5-6
6-7
5-6
4-5.5
4.8-6.5
6-8
6.4-7
6-7
6-7
6-7.5
Which plant would be best suited for soil with
medium N, high P, high K and pH 6.5?
ANSWER 10 – Sample B
Name of Plant
Strawberry
Sweet corn
Deciduous trees
Evergreen trees
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Spinach
Tomatoes
Watermelons
String beans
Nitrogen Phosphorous
necessary
necessary
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Very High
Med
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Low
Very High
High
Med
Med
Potassium
necessary
pH
requirement
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Med
Very High
High
Med
Med
5-6
6-7
5-6
4-5.5
4.8-6.5
6-8
6.4-7
6-7
6-7
6-7.5
Which plant would be best suited for soil with
medium N, high P, high K and pH 6.5?
TOMATOES
QUESTION 10 – Sample C
Name of Plant
Strawberry
Sweet corn
Deciduous trees
Evergreen trees
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Spinach
Tomatoes
Watermelons
String beans
Nitrogen Phosphorous
necessary
necessary
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Very High
Med
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Low
Very High
High
Med
Med
Potassium
necessary
pH
requirement
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Med
Very High
High
Med
Med
5-6
6-7
5-6
4-5.5
4.8-6.5
6-8
6.4-7
6-7
6-7
6-7.5
Which plant would be best suited for soil with
low N, low P, low K and pH 4?
ANSWER 10 – Sample C
Name of Plant
Strawberry
Sweet corn
Deciduous trees
Evergreen trees
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Spinach
Tomatoes
Watermelons
String beans
Nitrogen Phosphorous
necessary
necessary
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Very High
Med
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Low
Very High
High
Med
Med
Potassium
necessary
pH
requirement
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Med
Very High
High
Med
Med
5-6
6-7
5-6
4-5.5
4.8-6.5
6-8
6.4-7
6-7
6-7
6-7.5
Which plant would be best suited for soil with
low N, low P, low K and pH 4?
EVERGREEN TREES
QUESTION 10 – Sample D
Name of Plant
Strawberry
Sweet corn
Deciduous trees
Evergreen trees
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Spinach
Tomatoes
Watermelons
String beans
Nitrogen Phosphorous
necessary
necessary
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Very High
Med
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Low
Very High
High
Med
Med
Potassium
necessary
pH
requirement
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Med
Very High
High
Med
Med
5-6
6-7
5-6
4-5.5
4.8-6.5
6-8
6.4-7
6-7
6-7
6-7.5
Which plant would be best suited for soil with
high N, high P, high K and pH 7?
ANSWER 10 – Sample D
Name of Plant
Strawberry
Sweet corn
Deciduous trees
Evergreen trees
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Spinach
Tomatoes
Watermelons
String beans
Nitrogen Phosphorous
necessary
necessary
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Very High
Med
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Low
Very High
High
Med
Med
Potassium
necessary
pH
requirement
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Med
Very High
High
Med
Med
5-6
6-7
5-6
4-5.5
4.8-6.5
6-8
6.4-7
6-7
6-7
6-7.5
Which plant would be best suited for soil with
high N, high P, high K and pH 7?
SWEET CORN
QUESTION 11
Name of Plant
Strawberry
Sweet corn
Deciduous trees
Evergreen trees
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Spinach
Tomatoes
Watermelons
String beans
Nitrogen Phosphorous
necessary
necessary
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Very High
Med
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Low
Very High
High
Med
Med
Potassium
necessary
pH
requirement
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Med
Very High
High
Med
Med
5-6
6-7
5-6
4-5.5
4.8-6.5
6-8
6.4-7
6-7
6-7
6-7.5
Which nutrient prevents strawberries from
growing well in soil with medium N, low
phosphorous, and low potassium?
ANSWER 11
Name of Plant
Strawberry
Sweet corn
Deciduous trees
Evergreen trees
Sweet potatoes
Peaches
Spinach
Tomatoes
Watermelons
String beans
Nitrogen Phosphorous
necessary
necessary
Med
High
Med
Low
Low
Med
Very High
Med
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
Low
Very High
High
Med
Med
Potassium
necessary
pH
requirement
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Med
Very High
High
Med
Med
5-6
6-7
5-6
4-5.5
4.8-6.5
6-8
6.4-7
6-7
6-7
6-7.5
Which nutrient prevents strawberries from
growing well in soil with medium N, low P,
and low K? PHOSPHOROUS (P)
QUESTION 12
Besides testing for nutrients, what else
could you look for in the soil to see if it
is healthy?
ANSWER 12
Besides testing for nutrients, what else
could you look for in the soil to see if it
is healthy?
Insects, worms or other soil organisms.
These are good soil indicators because
if they are present it means that the soil
is healthy and has a good amount of
nutrients in it.
QUESTION 13
What is erosion?
ANSWER 13
What is erosion?
The movement of soil from one location
to another
QUESTION 14
Name 4 agents of erosion.
ANSWER 14
Name 4 agents of erosion.
Wind, water, ice, and gravity
QUESTION 15
How do glaciers contribute to erosion?
ANSWER 15
How do glaciers contribute to erosion?
Glaciers slowly move down the slope
they are sitting on, as they move they
pick up soil in the ice and snow. This
ends up moving the soil from one
location to another.
QUESTION 16
What is deposition?
ANSWER 16
What is deposition?
The process by which weathered
materials carried by agents of erosion
are dropped in new places
QUESTION 17
A sign on the side of the road says,
“Beware of falling rocks.” Which
agent of erosion is probably at work
in this area?
ANSWER 17
A sign on the side of the road says,
“Beware of falling rocks.” Which
agent of erosion is probably at work
in this area?
Gravity is causing the rocks to fall down
the hill.
QUESTION 18
Are the shells on a beach an example of
erosion or deposition?
ANSWER 18
Are the shells on a beach an example of
erosion or deposition?
Deposition. The shells are being placed
on the beach; it is the new place
where they are being deposited.
QUESTION 19
What is a negative effect of erosion and
deposition?
ANSWER 19
What is a negative effect of erosion and
deposition?
Rivers and streams become shallower,
spend millions of dollars rebuilding
beaches, destroy lawns,
sedimentation of bodies of water.
QUESTION 20
What is a positive effect of erosion and
deposition?
ANSWER 20
What is a positive effect of erosion and
deposition?
Builds landforms on the Earth’s surface,
helps to form soil
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
QUESTION 1
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Nearly level and very stony, rock outcrop,
or frequently flooded
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
ANSWER 1
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Nearly level and very stony, rock outcrop,
or frequently flooded
CLASS V
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
QUESTION 2
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Strongly sloping, or somewhat poorly
drained, or poorly drained, or shallow
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
ANSWER 2
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Strongly sloping, or somewhat poorly
drained, or poorly drained, or shallow
CLASS III
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
QUESTION 3
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Flooded daily, continuously ponded,
>90% rock outcrop, stones or
boulders, pits, mine dumps, beaches,
or urban land
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
ANSWER 3
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Flooded daily, continuously ponded,
>90% rock outcrop, stones or
boulders, pits, mine dumps, beaches,
or urban land
CLASS VIII
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
QUESTION 4
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Moderately steep, or very poorly drained,
or occasionally flooded
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
ANSWER 4
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Moderately steep, or very poorly drained,
or occasionally flooded
CLASS IV
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
QUESTION 5
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Gently sloping, or moderately well
drained, or moderately deep
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
ANSWER 5
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Gently sloping, or moderately well
drained, or moderately deep
CLASS II
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
QUESTION 6
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Very steep with or without a very stony
surface or rock outcrop, or very
shallow soils
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
ANSWER 6
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Very steep with or without a very stony
surface or rock outcrop, or very
shallow soils
CLASS VII
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
QUESTION 7
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Steep, or gently sloping through steep
with a very stony surface or rock
outcrop
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
ANSWER 7
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
Steep, or gently sloping through steep
with a very stony surface or rock
outcrop
CLASS VI
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
QUESTION 8
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
No limiting factors - Nearly level
LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES
ANSWER 8
Name the land capability class that
matches each description.
No limiting factors - Nearly level
CLASS I
QUESTION 21
Explain how perimeter control is used by
a construction site to minimize the offsite loss of sediment.
ANSWER 21
Perimeter Control – devices (usually located
at the lowest point of a site) that slow run
off and capture sediments; a system of
ditches, dikes, or swales can be used to
divert running water to these devices;
they stop 50-70% of the eroded soils from
leaving the site
Examples:
Basins and traps - holding ponds for
running water that rely on the process
of settling to control soil loss
Straw bales and silt fences – filters run
off, removing and holding the
sediment
QUESTION 22
Explain how temporary stabilization is
used by a construction site to minimize
the off-site loss of sediment.
ANSWER 22
Temporary Stabilization –reduces the
susceptibility of soil to erosive forces;
required on all exposed soils not currently
undergoing grading; much more effective
than perimeter controls
Examples:
Natural Ground Cover – trees, shrubs,
grasses; best type
Temporary Seeding – seed and straw mulch ;
2nd best type; total coverage is important;
can reduce mud pollution by 95%.
Crushed Rock – for work areas where
mulching is not practical, such as roads
and access points