Transcript Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks
A Sedimentary Rock is…..
rock formed from the lithification or
crystallization of:
1. Minerals in solution
2. Organic remains
3. Materials produced by living
things (biochemical)
4. Clastic Sediments (rock
fragments of all sizes)
Lithification-to harden and form rock
(Deposition, Compaction, Cementation)
Silica Crystals
Crystallization- Solidification of
dissolved minerals from solution.
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
• Clastic-Made of fragments of other
rocks.
• Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals.
• Biochemical-Made by living things, but
was never alive (seashells).
• Organic-Made of the organic remains of
living things.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks- Gravel Conglomerate
Conglomerate
from gravel
from mud
Clastic
Sedimentary
Rocks
from sand
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks- Gypsum
Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks- Biochemical Limestone
Swamp
Organic Sedimentary Rocks- Coal
Sediment- Rock fragments, dissolved
minerals and remains of living and
nonliving parts of plants and animals.
Clastic Sediments- Fragments of
pre-existing rock.
Sand Bar
Gravel Bar
Tallus Pile
Glacial Sediment
Chemical Sediments- Minerals in
solution in water.
Biochemical SedimentsNonliving remains of plants and
animals.
Organic Sediments-remains of
the living tissues of plants and
animals.
Peat- Plant remains
Sedimentary Rocks are
identified by their horizontal
layers called…….
Sediment Classification I
Sediments Are Classified Based On:
1. Origin and Composition (What
they are made of).
Rock Fragments
Organic Remains
Biochemical Remains
Chemical Sediments
Sediment Classification II
2. Size of the sediment (clastic
sediments range in size from clay to
boulders)
B
o
u
l
d
e
r
s
Cobble Stones
Gravel
Pebbles
S
a
n
d
Silt
Clay Sediments
Sediment Production
Sediments are produced by:
Weathering (breaking down) and Erosion
(transport) of
Parent material
by:
Chemical and Physical Processes.
Weathering by wind-blown sand (Physical weathering)
Weathering and Erosion by Glacier (physical)
Glacier
Scrapes
Weathering by Ice Wedging
(Physical)
Exfoliation
(Physical)
Weathering by Living Things
(Biomechanical/Physical)
Chemical Weathering by water
Chemical Weathering of Limestone
Weathering by Living Things
(Biochemical)
Sediment Transport
Sediments are transported from:
Source to Location of Deposition
by:
Wind, Water, Gravity, Ice and VolcanicEruption
Transport Mechanisms
Wind
Water
Ice
Gravity
Volcanic Eruption
Sediment Characteristics
Determined by:
Extent of Weathering
Duration of Weathering
Type of Transport
Distance of Transport
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Classification
Clastic Sedimentary rocks are classified
based upon:
Grain Size
Grain Shape
Grain Size
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Classification: Grain Shape
Jagged Clastic Sediments
Rounded Clastic Sediments
Conglomerate
How Sedimentary Rocks are Formed
Step 1: Sediment Production
Mechanical
Weathering
Biomechanical
Weathering
Chemical
Weathering
Biochemical
Weathering
Step 2: Sediment Transport
Wind
Water
Glaciers
Gravity
Volcanic Eruption
Shaping of Sediments
Step 4: Sorting of Clastic
Sediments
Sorting of Sediments
Sediments are Sorted by their Transport
Agents According to:
S I ze
of the Sediment
Sorting of Sediments
Very Poorly Sorted
Very Well Sorted
Poorly Sorted Clastic Sediments
Sorting of Sediments: Glaciers
Step 5:Lithification:
Deposition
Deposition (to lay down) happens when:
-the Transport Agent no longer has the energy/force
required to carry the Sediment
Determined by:
-Size/Weight of Sediments
-Amount of Energy/Force in Transport Agent
Step 6:
Lithification: Compaction
Step 7:
Lithification: Cementation
Conglomerates, Sandstone and
Shale
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Names: Particle Size and Shape
The name of a Clastic Sedimentary Rock is
determined by the size and shape of the
sediments that make up the rock.
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Names:
Particle Size
Sediment
Gravel
Conglomerate
Sand
Sandstone
Silt
Siltstone
Clay
Shale
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Sandstone
Siltstone
Mudstone
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Mudstone and
Siltstone
Arkose
Sedimentary Rocks of
Chemical Origin
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Precipitation and Evaporation
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Evaporites
Halite
Gypsum
Travertine Stalactites
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Evaporites
Salt Flats
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Carbonates
The Carbonate Sedimenatary Rocks are
composed of mostly Calcium Carbonate.
The Carbonates are divided into:
Inorganic Carbonates
And
Biochemical Carbonates (contains remains of
living things)
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Travertine
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Travertine
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Inorganic Carbonates
Inorganic Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Silica-based Sedimentary Rocks
Chert (Flint)
Nodules
Geodes
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
Stromatolitic Limestone
Biochemical Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
Biochemical Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Biochemical Carbonates
Coquina
Chalk
Sedimentary Rocks of Organic
Origin
Organic Sedimentary Rocks:
Coal
Sedimentary Formations
Stratification
Graded Bedding
Cross-Bedding
Bedding Planes not Parallel
Ripple Marks
Beach
River
M
u
d
c
r
a
c
k
s
Mud Cracks
Fossils
Fossils: Molds
Fossils: Casts